The Supreme Court on ‘Hazelwood’ Essay Example for Free

The Supreme Court on ‘Hazelwood’ Essay Both judges and school officials have been thinking about and dealing with the nature of students’ rights to free speech through the 1970s and 1980s, since Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Dist., the 1969 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that acknowledged student rights. Stating that students do not â€Å"shed their constitutional rights . . . at the schoolhouse gate† (393 U.S. at 506), the Court upheld the right of three Des Moines high school students to wear black armbands as a peaceful symbol of opposition to the Vietnam war. . . . The Court’s ruling and reasoning subsequently were applied to student expression other than the wearing of armbands, from theater productions to art shows, from school assemblies to student publications. . . . The Supreme Court, balancing students’ constitutional freedoms and administrators’ traditional responsibilities, said in Tinker that school officials could not stop expression simply because they disliked it. . . . Student journalists’ efforts to gain press freedom experienced a major setback on January 13, 1988, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier that school administrators could censor a school-sponsored newspaper. Just as Tinker had started an era of expanded student rights, so Hazelwood signals a departure that could lead toward more restriction of students’ expression. The Hazelwood principal believed that the stories he censored—accounts of unnamed, pregnant students and a report on the impact of parental divorce on students—were unfair and inappropriate for teenagers. He was concerned that the â€Å"anonymous† students could be identified, that the school would appear to be condoning teenage pregnancy, and that divorced parents criticized should be consulted prior to publication. . . . Instead of ruling narrowly on student newspapers, the Court in Hazelwood gave discretion to school officials to: 1. Serve as publisher. . . . 2. Censor, if there is a â€Å"reasonable† educational justification, any expression that does not properly reflect the school’s educational mission. The Court called it reasonable to censor a newspaper story that school officials believe is not â€Å"fair,† expression that deals with â€Å"sensitive topics,† and content that is â€Å"ungrammatical, poorly written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or profane, or unsuitable for immature audiences.† 3. Use this power to control expression through any school-sponsored activity. Legal distinctions between class-produced and extra-curricular publications disappeared. Theater production, art shows, debates, and pep rallies are just some of the schoolsponsored activities now under tighter control. . . . 4. Review student expression in advance, even when no guidelines define what will or will not be censored. Constitution of the United States, Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Machiavelli’s The Prince :: Machiavelli The Prince Essays

Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Florence, Italy in the 1400’s. The country of Italy was divided into city-states that had their own leaders, but all pledged alliance to their king. In time in which great leaders were needed in order to help the development of a city-state and country, Machiavelli had a theory that man needed a leader to control them. In his book The Prince, he speaks of the perfect leader. I believe that man, by nature, is neither good nor evil. When a child comes out of its mother, one cannot tell whether or not that child will be a serial killer or win the Nobel Peace prize. A child’s environment is what forms it to be the adult that it will be one day. I believe that it also what one believes that makes him or her what that person will be one day. Machiavelli believed however that man was naturally an evil being, one that needed control (Prince). The idea of man being an evil being, by nature, is expressed in Machiavelli’s book The Prince. He has written that a Prince should break his promises to his subjects because man is evil and will break their promises to their prince (Prince). I do not agree with this theory because I think that man will make his own decision based on whether or not he is good in character. I believe that a leader should tell the truth and win the support of the public by being known as doing this. Machiavelli seems to have the idea of preparing for the worst and thinking in terms of the worst. This is a preventative measure that will benefit anybody who has evil intentions. Only a person who thinks that man is evil would think of such ways to run a government in the way that Machiavelli thought a government should be operated. Machiavelli felt that â€Å"crafty and deceitful princes have historically defeated the faithful princes†(Prince). What happened to the idea of a caring leader, one who could be trusted to make decisions that the majority of the people agreed with? I do not agree with Machiavelli that a leader should be deceitful in order to for his country to succeed or grow. I think that what a leader is depends on what type of man you are good or evil. The leader that Machiavelli describes as being the ideal one is evil.

Letter To My Children

As I lay awake in bed with Carol by my side, sharing my insomnia, it occurred to me, totally out of the blue, that Neo had opened up for me a new world of understanding, which is to say that my conversation with him had led me to the realization that there was a way out of my conflicts here and now.   I was being selfish aforetime: it occurred to me.   Although I could not go to the Vatican all the way from America in order to express my new understanding of Christianity – rather than to pose questions that the authorities on religion there were not expected to appreciate – I could express myself before my children, as though nakedly.But what would I teach them?   I certainly did not wish to confuse them by sharing my conflicts.   Neither did I desire for them to catch on my negative emotions surrounding the wonderful truths I was learning my entire life.   One such negative emotion was my slight fear of various authorities on religion because I could not get over my miserable misunderstandings with them.   I understood that the authorities on religion are meant to be peacemakers, and yet I could not see eye to eye with them on many issues of peace, which, in my awareness, is often a result of increased knowledge and new understanding of faith.These misunderstandings, I knew, were tormenting me alone, while they slept soundly night after night.   I recalled then the words of Jesus, virtually unaware at the time that Carol had started to sing in bed a song from the film, Evita:Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.  Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled (Gospel  of Matthew, Chapter 5, Verses 3-6).Did I have to share myself with the various authorities on religion in order to find peace?   I did not believe so.   All the same, my torment was asking me to somehow stand in front of the whole wide world and declare myself to be a true seeker of truth.   Then, and only then, I thought, would I find peace.   However, it was impossible for me to stand on the stage before the entire Christian world and declare myself to be true.   As soon as I realized that my mind was straying away from my children, I said â€Å"Yes.†Ã‚   Carol asked me right away, â€Å"What?†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, nothing,† I said.   â€Å"I am enjoying your song!†Ã‚   Carol continued singing from that point on.I got back to my reflections through insomnia.   I thought that I knew that I could die very soon, and I did not have the kind of oneness Jesus experienced with God Almighty to know when.   I could express my understanding to my children – yes I could do that, I thought again – and my children in turn would develop their own understanding of religion based on my teachings and their own experiences in lif e.As I lay in bed reflecting on the new questions that had perhaps occurred to me through supernatural inspiration, it did not take me long to figure out what exactly I would be teaching my children and how.   I would write a letter to them, directing Carol to deliver it to them only  when they have all reached maturity at the same time.   I would not want one child wanting to know more than the others at any given time.   I would like them to grow in spirituality altogether.   I did not want them to have to go through the experience of single handedly dealing with the problems of realizing the truth as I did.   I did not want them to feel as alone in the world as I felt.But perhaps I would eventually leave the letter in Carol’s hand to decide when to give it to each of my kids, I thought.   I was â€Å"hungering and thirsting after righteousness.†Ã‚   I knew that expressing my understanding of the religion to my children would grant me a sense of complet ion from the Almighty – somehow.   I did not know how He worked on such completions.By the time I had reached this point in my train of thoughts, I realized that Carol had gone to sleep.   Her singing was over and done with; she was snoring, in fact.   I suddenly realized a sense of greater freedom in my thoughts.   Increased confidence was aroused to boot.   Although I knew that Jesus had said, â€Å"Blessed are they that have been persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven† (Matthew, Chapter 5, Verse 10), I neither had the strength nor the courage to stand before the world and discuss my concept of religion.   I should have had the courage, I thought, but sadly, I did not.   I then realized that perhaps this kind of courage is unnecessary, given that Jesus had also said: â€Å"Agree with thine adversary quickly, lest haply the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison† (Matthew, Chapter 5, Verse 25).Was Jesus right there with me to teach me something of the essence?   How was it that verses from the Gospel of Matthew were appearing in my self without notice, and perhaps out of context?  I got out of bed then, with the awareness that I had the courage to teach my understanding of Christianity to my children, even if I could not teach the whole world.   Yet I did not want to express my entire self to my children.   I only believed that they had a right to know the basics that I was working with.   I believed in their right to question religious practices of the world.   I also trusted that they would eventually find the truth using the tools I would provide them with.I turned on the lamp on my desk.   Carol moved a little in bed, responding to the click of the lamp.   Fortunately, she did not get up to ask what I was up to.   I did not want to bother her at all, and so I sat down to write, as though in a wh isper:â€Å"Dear children,  Ã‚  By this time you must be old enough to feel the need to know God.   You will be exposed to many practices in the Church†¦.†Ã‚  I gave up writing at this point, tore the page in half, and took a fresh sheet of paper to begin again.â€Å"Dear Children,  For I say unto you, that except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and the Pharisees, ye shall in no wise enter into the kingdom of heaven.â€Å"’Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:â€Å"’But I say unto you, that every one who is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment; and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council; and whoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of the hell of fire.â€Å"’If therefore thou art offering thy gift at the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother h ath aught against thee,â€Å"’Leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way, first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift’† (Matthew, Chapter 5, Verses 20-24).I comprehended what I was doing.   Comparing the Pharisees and the scribes to the majority of religious authorities in the world, I was directing my children to go to the scriptures whenever they require guidance from the divine authority.   I did not have another way of teaching them the truth.   I wanted to say that they must never go to any religious authorities except the scriptures in the process of seeking truth; and that they must be good to each other, no matter what.I had written the words of Jesus in my memory with great enthusiasm.   And I did not doubt that my children could – given the right direction – show equal respect to the word of righteousness.   Yet I doubted whether I should tell them everything about the Church as it existed in the world today.I gave a moment of attention to Carol at this point.   She was snoring, fast asleep, and looking lovely.   I thought with tenderness that her children were mine, and I had a right to teach them whatever I felt I must.   I did not have to mention the Church and the circumstances surrounding my role in it that very day.   It was not important, given that the circumstances surrounding the Church were expected by me to change, perhaps drastically, in the years of my offspring’s maturity.I went back to my letter.   Without explaining myself in it, besides the purpose of my letter, I felt that I had to write something else I remembered from the Gospel of Matthew:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’At that season Jesus answered and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou didst hide these things from the wise and understanding, and didst reveal them unto babes:â€Å"’Yea, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in thy sight’ (Chapter 11, Verses 25-26).Confident in my writing, I continued:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"My dear children, after reading the above scriptures you must be thinking that perhaps I felt in my years in Church that these are some of the most perfect verses in the Gospels.   As a matter of fact, I did not think so.   And the only reason I am writing you today is that I want you to learn how to trust yourselves in seeking the truth.   The scriptures are the best guidance I can offer you now.   Hold on to them, learn from them, and do not mind questioning the practices of others  when you do not believe them to be correct.   This is, in my opinion, the best attitude to take into maturity.   Let us leave the rest in God’s hand.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Your loving father on earth.†

Hitler Research Paper

Brianna Milligan Mr. McCaw AP Lit and Comp 9 November 2012 On April 20th 1889, Adolf Hitler was born. Adolf is debatably the most remembered dictator in all of history; he was responsible for the genocide of 6 million Jews, and other minorities. Why Hitler developed a strong angst against the Jews is unclear, although there are many theories, none prove to be factual. Perhaps it was this influential man’s huge desire for power that drove him to such drastic measures. Despite, Hitler’s unforgivable actions – rejection, war, and power are the three elements that created Adolf Hitler, the face of Nazi Germany.As a young German boy, Adolf loved art so much so, that all he sometimes did was sketch and paint. He was particularly gifted with academics; he passed his classes with great ease and found school to be fairly unchallenging. Despite his academic abilities, he stopped caring and trying in school as he grew older. The reason for this would be Alois’ death (Hitler’s father) when Adolf was only 13. However, it was Hitler’s biggest aspiration to be accepted into Vienna Academy of Art, but after submitting his application several times Hitler was rejected.Prior to his father’s death, Hitler and Alois had their differences due to Alois’ opinion on the pointlessness of art school. Adolf was abused by his father for many years, and it is arguable that this rejection from his own father built up unhealthy steam. After being rejected by the Academy of Art, he lived in Vienna pretending to be an art student to avoid telling his mother, Klara, the truth. In 1907, his mother passed away of cancer, and this was probably the most traumatic thing in Hitler’s youth. â€Å"Her death affected him far more deeply than the death of his father.He had fond memories of his mother, carried her photograph wherever he went and, it is claimed, had it in his hand when he died in 1945. † (Spartacus Educational) He could never face his mother, in fear of being rejected by her as well. The First World War was surfacing and Hitler had ignored his call-up papers for enlisting in the Austrian Army. Shortly after being taken in by the authorities for a medical examination for the army, â€Å"he was rejected as being: â€Å"Unfit for combatant and auxiliary duty – too weak. Unable to bear arms. (Spartacus Educational) Acceptance in the psychological development of a teenager is crucial, and Hitler was repeatedly rejected. World War I was in full action, and Hitler joined the German Army. Most soldiers look back on violent wars and talk about the brutality and struggles, but Hitler wrote, â€Å"I was overcome with impetuous enthusiasm, and falling on my knees, wholeheartedly thanked Heaven that I had been granted the happiness to live at this time. † (Mein Kampf) Hitler found this to be his â€Å"greatest spiritual experience† (Mein Kampf) and from then on found himself becoming obse ssed with the military.He volunteered for the job of ‘dispatch-runner’ which required him to run across the front-line and relay messages from regimental headquarters. Being on the front lines were extremely dangerous considering only one out of three messengers lived. Adolf Hitler won five medals including the honorable â€Å"Iron Cross. † This was one of his first successors, and WWI had become his favorite point in his life. It was until October 1918, when Hitler breathed in some British Mustard Gas and was blinded. This resulted in Hitler having to stay in the hospital until he recovered.While he was in the hospital, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles and had surrendered. The few peers and colleagues of Hitler stated that he had slipped into a deep depression once he’d caught wind of the news, and this was just another failure that Adolf had associated himself with. Post-war Hitler had been shocked that a socialist revolution had occurred, and as a dedicated German Nationalist he was infuriated with these social equality movements. He believed that communism was evil and that these Socialist party revolutions were nothing but â€Å"Jewish Conspiracies† (YouTube: Adolf Hitler the Greatest Story Never Told).Eventually, Hitler was recruited as a German political officer, and could now lecture soldiers on politics. Germany was in a state of economic downfall because of the Treaty of Versailles. All of the war reparations were to be a paid for by Germany because they had originally started the war, Hitler was deeply involved with politics and loved war. Therefore he was agitated by the fact that the Treaty was having Germany pay for everything and he rendered that it was an unfair treaty.Hitler, at this time, was a common public speaker, and not too long after all these speeches he created his own political party. â€Å"In February 1920, the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) published its first programme whi ch became known as the â€Å"25 Points†. In the programme the party refused to accept the terms of the Versailles Treaty and called for the reunification of all German people. To reinforce their ideas on nationalism, equal rights were only to be given to German citizens. â€Å"Foreigners† and â€Å"aliens† would be denied these rights. (Spartacus Educational) This is when Hitler’s evident hatred of the Jews became visible to all of Germany, but his speaking was so influential and it made sense at the time that people didn’t disagree. His party was the biggest favored political party during this period. Hitler’s newfound party became known as the ‘Nazi Party. ’ â€Å"According to Hitler, Jews were responsible for everything he did not like, including modern art, pornography and prostitution. Hitler also alleged that the Jews had been responsible for losing the First World War.Hitler also claimed that Jews, who were only about 1% of the population, were slowly taking over the country. They were doing this by controlling the largest political party in Germany, the German Social Democrat Party, many of the leading companies and several of the country's newspapers. The fact that Jews had achieved prominent positions in a democratic society was, according to Hitler, an argument against democracy: â€Å"a hundred blockheads do not equal one man in wisdom. † (YouTube: Adolf Hitler the Greatest Story Never Told).It wasn’t long before Hitler ran for president, won, and became a dictator. He now had complete and total power, and had already begun deportation plans for the Jewish people in Germany. Hitler let the German people know right away that the Jewish were the reason they lost the war, he read Henry Ford’s book The International Jew, and stemmed a passionate hatred toward the very existence of the Jewish race. It wasn’t until autumn of 1941 that Hitler openly spoke about the annihil ation of the Jews, but he wasted no time in preparing the concentrations camps which was ultimately his ‘final solution. (adolfhitler. dk. ) Adolf Hitler controlled everything in Germany during the holocaust, every horror imaginable was going on in these concentration camps, and Germany’s strategies in WWII were extremely violent. The mass murder of the Jewish population was called the Holocaust. Hitler took over many territories all over the world during WWII, and his army was incredibly disciplined and brutal. Conclusively, the Holocaust was a result of the creation of the Nazi Party.Hitler was rejected by society, became obsessed with war, and his complete control of Germany with his ultimate power led to the genocide of 6 million Jews. Works Cited: â€Å"Adolf Hitler. † Adolf Hitler. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. adolfhitler. dk/;. â€Å"Spartacus Educational. † Spartacus Educational. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. sparta cus. schoolnet. co. uk/GERhitler. htm;. YouTube. Dir. Deephiddentruth. YouTube. YouTube, 23 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=TERKermWgIg;.

Anglo-Saxon and Viking Queens of England

Anglo-Saxon and Viking Queens of England Either Aethelstan or his grandfather, Alfred the Great, is usually considered the first king of England, rather than of one part of England.   Alfred the Great adopted the title of king of the Anglo-Saxons, and Aethelstan, king of the English. The powers and roles of queens – the wives of monarchs – evolved considerably through this period.   Some werent even named in contemporary records. I’ve arranged these queens (and consorts who were not queens) according to their husbands for clarity. Alfred The Great (r. 871-899) He was the son of Aethelwulf, king of Wessex, and Osburh Ealhswith - married 868She was the daughter of Aethelred Mucil, a Mercian noble, and Eadburh, also a Mercian noble, supposedly descended from King Cenwulf of Mercia (ruled 796 – 812).She was never actually given the title of â€Å"queen.†Among their children were Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians; Aelfthryth, who married the Count of Flanders; and Edward, who succeeded his father as king. Edward The Elder (r. 899-924) He was the son of Alfred and Ealhswith (above).   He  had three marriages (or two and one nonmarital relationship). Ecgwynn – married 893, son was Athelstan, daughter Edith Aelfflaed – married 899seven children including four daughters who married into European royalty and a fifth who became a nun, and two sons, Aelfweard of Wessex and Edwin of Wessexone daughter was Edith (Eadgyth) of England, who married Emperor Otto I of Germany Eadgifu – married about 919, sons included Edmund I and Edred, a daughter Saint Edith of Winchester who was considered a saint, and another daughter (whose existence is questionable) who may have married a prince of Aquitaine Aelfweard (r. briefly and contested: 924) He was the son of Edward and Aelfflaed (above). no recorded consort Athelstan (r. 924-939) He was the son of Edward and Ecgwynn (above). no recorded consort Edmund I (r. 939-946) He was the son of Edward and Eadgifu (above). Aelfgifu of Shaftesbury – date of marriage unknown, died 944revered as a saint soon after her deathmother of his two sons, who each ruled: Eadwig (born about 940) and Edgar (born 943)no indication she was recognized with the title of queen during her time Aethelflaed of Damerham – married 944, daughter of Aelfgar of Essex. Left a wealthy widow when Edmund died in 946, she remarried. Eadred (r. 946-55) He was the son of Edward and Eadgifu (above). no recorded consort Eadwig (r.955-959) He was the son of Edmund I and Aelfgifu (above). Aelfgifu, married about 957; details are uncertain but she may have been of Mercian background; a lurid story is told of her and the king, involving a fight with (later Saint) Dunstan and Archbishop Oda. The marriage was dissolved in 958 because they were closely related – or perhaps to protect the claim of Eadwig’s brother, Edward, to the throne; she seems to have gone on to accumulate significant property Edgar (r. 959-975) He was the son of Edmund I and Aelfgifu (above) – the details of his relationships and the mothers of his sons are disputed. Aethelflaed (not married)Son Edward (below) Wulthryth (not married; Edgar is said to have kidnapped her from the nunnery at Wilton)Daughter Saint Edith of Wilton Aelfthryth, who was anointed as queenSon Aethelred (below) Edward II The Martyr (r. 975-979) He was the son of Edgar and Aethelflaed no known consort Aethelred II The Unready (R. 979-1013 and 1014-1016) He was the son of Edgar and Aelfthryth (above). Also spelled Ethelred. Aelfgifu of York – married possibly in the 980s – her name does not appear in writings until about 1100 – probably the daughter of Earl Thored of Northumbria – never anointed as queen – died about 1002Six sons, including Aethelstan Aetheling (heir apparent) and the future Edmund II, and at least three daughters including Eadgyth, married to Eadric Streona Emma of Normandy (about 985 – 1052) – married 1002 – daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy, and Gunnora – changed her name to Aelfgifu on marriage to Aethelred – married Canute after Aethelred’s defeat and death.   Their children were:Edward the ConfessorAlfredGoda or Godgifu Sweyn or Svein Forkbeard(r. 1013-1014) He was the son of Harold Bluetooth of Denmark and Gyrid Olafsdottir. Gunhild of Wenden – married about 990, fate unknown Sigrid the Haughty – married about 1000Daughter Estrith or Margaret, married Richard II of Normandy Edmund II Ironside (r Apr - Nov 1016) He was the son of Aethelred the Unready and Aelfgifu of York (above). Ealdgyth (Edith) of East Anglia - married about 1015 - born about 992 – died after 1016 – probably the widow of a man named Sigeferth. Probably the mother of:Edward the ExileEdmund Aetheling Canute The Great (r. 1016-1035) He was the son of  Svein Forkbeard  and Ã…Å¡wiÄ™tosÅ‚awa (Sigrid or Gunhild). Aelfgifu of Northampton – born about 990, died after 1040, regent in Norway 1030 – 1035 – she was simply put aside as a wife according to customs of the time so that Cnut could marry Emma of NormandySweyn, King of NorwayHarold Harefoot, King of England (below) Emma of Normandy, widow of Aethelred (above)Harthacnut (about 1018 – June 8, 1042) (below)Gunhilda of Denmark (about 1020 – July 18, 1038), married Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, without offspring Harold Harefoot (r. 1035-1040) He was the son of Canute and Aelfgifu of Northampton (above). may have been married to an Aelfgifu, may have had a son Harthacnut (r. 1035-1042) He was the son of Canute and Emma of Normandy (above). not married, no children Edward III The Confessor (r. 1042-1066) He was the son of Aethelred and Emma of Normandy (above). Edith of Wessex –lived about 1025 to December 18, 1075 – married January 23, 1045 – crowned as queen – they had no childrenHer father was Godwin, an English earl, and mother was Ulf, a sister of Cnut’s brother-in-law Harold II Godwinson (r. Jan - Oct 1066) He was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha Thorkelsdottir. Edith Swannesha or Edith the Fair – lived about 1025 – 1086 – common-law wife? five children including a daughter who married a Grand Duke of Kiev Ealdgyth or Edith of Mercia – was the wife of Wales ruler Gruffud ap Llywelyn and then queen consort of Harold Godwineson – marriage date probably 1066 Edgar Atheling (r. Oct - Dec 1066) He was the son of Edward the Exile (son of Edmund II Ironside and Ealdgyth, above) and Agatha of Hungary.   not married, no children Edgar’s sisters had connections to later English and Scottish rulers: Margaret who married Malcolm III of Scotland and had two daughters, Mary and Matilda of Scotland Cristina who became a nun and tutor to her nieces Mary and MatildaMatilda (born Edith) married Henry I of England and was the mother of the Empress Matilda Mary was the mother of Matilda of Boulogne  who married King Stephen of England Next queens:   Norman Queens of England

What Are The Best Jobs for Lazy People

What Are The Best Jobs for Lazy People People always say that you should do what you love and love what you do. But what if you love doing†¦ nothing? Or you just don’t love what you consider â€Å"work†? Maybe it’s time to rethink what â€Å"work† entails. Consider turning a hobby or a passion into a job. Or if you’re just truly lazy, maybe find something that requires very little effort for decent pay! It might not be glamorous, but if it suits you, then you might as well get off the hamster wheel and get paid for doing less.Here are 10  of the best-paying and most perfect jobs for lazy people- or those who just have different inclinations in the â€Å"work† force.1. Bed/Amenities TesterYou too can get paid over a thousand dollars a month to examine and test amenities at hotels. See if the beds and pillows are comfy and the shampoos are luxurious enough- and collect a paycheck.2. Food TasterYou can actually make a decent salary by being a beer (or chocolate, or ice cream) tester. Seriously.3. Secret ShopperYou could work part-time at this, getting paid only in the services you test through your spying. But this line of work can also parlay into a real, well-paid, full-time career.4. TranslatorIf you speak another language (or just read) fluently, you can make over $100k a year translating from the comfort of your own home.5. Test SubjectThere are always medical students or laboratories needing test subjects for clinical trials. You might have to take experimental drugs or participate in suffer the occasional side effect, but you can make about $3k a month with almost no work. There are also sleep studies out there†¦ so, you know, you could get paid for sleeping.6. TutorIf you have a special kind of knowledge or a skill that can be easily transferred and might be in demand, put yourself on the market to tutor. You’ll make even more if you can tutor standardized tests to school students. You can be paid up to $50 per hour, depending on the subject. Even more flexible and requiring less education than actual teaching!7. MimeHey, to each her own. You don’t even need to speak for this job. If you have a rubber face and a bit of performance talent, then you can stand on street corners acting things out and rack up the cash.8. Video GamerLove to play video games? You can actually get paid- a handsome $50k per year- to try out new video games before they hit the market, looking for errors or inconsistencies to help the programmers work out all the kinks.9. BloggerIf you have something to say and an audience to say it to, you can make fairly good money on the internet these days. Work in your pajamas from your own laptop. Hate writing? Consider a video blog or podcast. Do well enough and you can even turn your platform into a business one day through advertising and sponsored posts.10. Dog WalkerIt seems silly, wandering around in parks with strangers’ dogs while everybody else is â€Å"at work,† but you could make up to $50 per hour walking dogs. It’s a physical job, but does let you be outdoors and gets you out of the rat race. Plus, you get to play with dogs!Remember to think outside the box and figure out how you can turn things you already like doing into a job that will pay your bills. Different strokes!

Offer and acceptance in english contract law Essay

Offer and acceptance in english contract law - Essay Example The agreement is one of the fundamental elements of a valid contract. It depicts the coming to terms of the parties to the contract through consensus over terms of a contract. The agreement is a product of existence of offer and acceptance. An offer is a promise made by one party to another in which the promisor intends to be bound by terms of his promise. Some of the elements of an offer include the intention to be bound by the offer if it is accepted, and the existence of terms that creates rights and liabilities in the event of acceptance. Acceptance on the other hand, refers to the promisee’s intent to be bound by the promisor’s terms of offer. Once an offer is accepted, an agreement is deemed to have existed between the parties forming ground for a contract. The offer and acceptance are however subject to a number of principles ... An advertisement is for example a presentation of information over the subject matter and only acts as an invitation to a customer to make an offer. In the case of Partridge v Crittenden (1968), the court held that an advertisement that indicated the price of goods in a vendor’s shop does not amount to an offer. Similarly, exhibition of goods for display does not amount to an offer. The owner of the goods is therefore not bound by the information displayed in an exhibition, as an offer for the good has not yet been made. Such was the ratio decidendi in the case of Pharmaceutical society of Great Britain v Boots cash chemists (1953). The defendant was accused of offering to sell commodities to the public contrary to prescriptions by regulatory bodies. It was held that the display of drugs on the shelf does not amount to an offer (Rush and Ottley, 2006, 47). Similarly, response to question for provision of information does not amount to an offer. This was held in the case of Har vey v Facey (1893) in which a defendant’s statement of the lowest price that could be accepted for sale of a piece of land was considered not to amount to an offer (Rush and Ottley, 2006, 48). The doctrine of invitation to treat is however exempted in some cases under which an advertisement can constitute an offer. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd (1893), it was held that the defendant’s advertisement amounted to an offer. The defendant stated in its advertisement that a reward would be offered to any person who contracted influenza after using its medicine as prescribed. The advertisement further indicated that money had been deposited for the rewards. The court, in its judgement, held