An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector

An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector Introduction In this paper, the marketing strategies of two fast food restaurants, McDonald’s and Little Chef, are reviewed and compared to one another. Both companies are in the fast food sector. Little Chef serves customers from only one country while McDonald’s serves clients from different countries across the world, and this creates a significant difference in their marketing strategies. This difference is discussed in the paper. The paper is divided into four distinct parts: definition of terms, overview of the organizations, the marketing strategies and conclusion. Important terms used throughout the paper are defined and explained briefly. The overview helps readers to understand the organizations better, which in turn enables them to understand the marketing mix better. In the marketing strategies, market segmentation, targeting, positioning and marketing mix are thoroughly reviewed before the paper is concluded.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definition of Terms Marketing Strategy Every organization has a number of marketing goals all put together at the start of the business year or the start of the business. In order to achieve these goals, the marketing manager, together with his team, have to sit down and come up with a way to attain these goals. This is the organization’s marketing strategy. The marketing strategy is based on market research done by the organization’s marketing team and focuses on the best product mix that will maximize profits. Once the strategy is complete, it is set out in a marketing plan and executed (BusinessDictionary, 2011). Critical Analysis In academic writing, the critical analysis of a subject or topic involves consideration and evaluation of material authored by other bodies, investigating whether the basis of these claims is sound, and scrutinising whether or not these the claims made by these authors apply to the situation being examined. A critical analysis must not be based purely on description, but must examine the content of other authors and judge how applicable and relevant they are to the topic at hand using knowledge gained in the field, at work, through study or by experience. Not everything written by the authors is to be taken at face value (Birmingham City University, 2011). A critical analysis is a piece of subjective writing, since it expresses the opinion of the writer, and how the writer evaluates a text. An analysis breaks down a topic into study parts to ease the analysis process (LeJeune, 2001). Product Mix In order to achieve maximum profit potential, some of its products have to be marketed together to minimize cost. The process of marketing a range of products that are related to one another and help reduce marketing cost – hence maximising pr ofit – is what finding the organization’s product mix is all about (BusinessDictonary, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of the Two Organizations McDonald’s McDonald’s started as a small restaurant, founded by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald. Despite slow beginnings, McDonald’s soon picked up and became a fast-food selling restaurant, a business idea that was picking up in the 1940s. Success for the company, however, came when the McDonald brothers’ equity in the firm was purchased by Ray Kroc, an American investor and businessman. With aggressive business tactics and tactical genius, Kroc expanded the business into one of the most recognizable brands in the world today. With 64 million customers served daily in its restaurants, it is the globe’s largest hamburger fast food restaurant. Hamburgers and other fast foods are not the only source of income for McDonald’s. It also gains large amounts of income from fees paid by franchises, royalties and rents. The company’s financial performance over the last five years, despite the recession, has been steadily growing, partly because of its marketing strategy. According to figures released by the company in October 2011, the company’s revenue rose by 5.5 per cent because of the popularity of its Monopoly game in the United States. Revenues also rose in Europe by 4.8 per cent and in the Middle East/Asia Pacific/Africa region by 6.1 per cent (Associated Press, 2011). Little Chef Little Chef is one of Britain’s most successful, and most controversial, fast food restaurants. The fast food chain identifies itself as a ‘roadside restaurant’ that serves over ten million people every year. It was established in 1958, the same year that Britain got its first motorway. It has grown from a single, 11- seat restaurant to a 162-restaurant chain. Apart from serving tea, bacon eggs and sausages, it offers its customers additional services like Wi-Fi internet connectivity, free ice cream for children under ten, and a ‘to go’ menu for customers who want to take their food away (Little Chef, 2011). The company went into administration in 2007 after it was revealed that it was losing over three million pounds per year. It was purchased by the investment company RCapital, and revamped to ‘keep up with the needs of customers’ (Baker, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Its marketing campaign after it was bought out of administration also involved a marketing campaign by celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal (Warman, 2009). Little Chef is now picking up, thriving and looking fabulous under the new management. Marketing Strategy Segmentation Market segmentation refers to a marketing practice where organizations divide their target markets into smaller units – or segments – and apply different marketing strategies depending on the nature of each segment. Market segments are demographic, geographic, psychographic, transaction or functional (Wedel Kamakura, 2000). Demographic markets are divided in terms of the markets demographic elements. The most common used demographic elements used are age, sex, financial status, religion and nationality. Geographic markets are divided according to their geographical location, climatic condition or location from a point. Psychographic segmentation is done based on the knowledge, attitude and opinion that the market has towards a product. Functional segmentation depends on how and why different customers in a market use a product. Transactional segmentation is an easy way of segmenting a market that invol ves using a large number of unique criteria to divide the market. Transactional segments are based on different elements like memberships or even specific demographic elements (Smith, 2004). Market segments are significant because they enable a company concentrate their resources on one segment and create products that appeal to various segments. If a car company segments its market demographically, for example, younger members of society will have cheaper and perhaps flashier cars targeted at them, while high-end, high performance and expensive cars will be marketed to the older and wealthier. McDonald’s As a global brand, McDonald’s segmentation strategy is geographical on a global scale and demographic at a local scale. This is the case because the company has to consider its global performance as a business, while, at the same time, it has to appeal to different customers and their demographic needs. The key to marketing on a global scale is to reduce cost of marke ting, therefore, increasing profits. The key to marketing on a regional or demographical scale is to ensure that customers in a certain region are not left because of demographic issues (Kotler Armstrong, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a global business, McDonald’s segments its markets regionally first. Every region has countries where McDonald’s franchises are located. The main criterion used to select each country is the potential for growth, and the potential to maintain a high level of annual income turnover. In Europe, for example, the United Kingdom is one of McDonald’s largest markets, with over 1,200 outlets across the country. This comes as no surprise, considering that the UK is one of the world’s largest economies in the world, has one of Europe’s highest populations and is the largest consumer of fast food in the world after the United States, Japan and Canada (Walkman, 2007). The European region has the largest number of McDonald’s franchises. This is because Europe is the richest region in the world, with several countries in the world among the world’s top ten richest economies. In addition, Europe is the richest continent in the world (Masters, 20 09), although the current economic decline in the continent may not be an encouraging sign for McDonald’s. After the economic crisis of 2008, McDonald’s pulled out of Iceland, one of Europe’s hardest hit economies, after it realized that it would not be making sustainable profits from the country. Other countries where McDonald’s does not operate in are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Batty, 2009). This mode of market segmentation, where a region is selected, and specific countries within the region are chosen to have McDonald’s franchises, combines both demographic and geographic segmentation. Geographically, more aggressive marketing is done in countries that present higher potential for growth than countries with lower productivity. Higher potential is determined by the country’s location, its infrastructure and its climatic conditions, all of which are geographic factors. However, this potential is also determined using demographic fact ors like the citizen’s income levels and the markets’ potential for return on investment. In Africa and South America, for example, only countries with the highest GDPs and higher levels of income are targeted. McDonald’s has franchises only in Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Uruguay, Egypt and South Africa (McDonalds, 2011). Little Chef Unlike McDonald’s, Little Chef is only operational in one country, the United Kingdom. Its market segments, just like McDonald’s, are both geographic and demographic. Naturally, however, the segments are not the same as McDonald’s, as discussed below. Little Chef is a roadside cafà ©, with menus specifically designed to serve travellers. Therefore, the main geographic segment is roadside locations. Nearly all Little Chef cafes are located along a road or highway in Britain. The total number of current Little Chef restaurants exceeds seventy, all located along highways. By directly targeting travellers, the restaurant has segmented its market geographically. As defined before, geographic segmentation is not only about countries or regions, but it is also about proximity to certain points. The main demographic element used by Little Chef is age. Most of their foods are relatively affordable and do not focus on a religion, gender or financial status. Most of their foods are ‘normal’ foods consumed by a majority of Britain’s population. This is known as undifferentiated marketing and is further explored in subsequent sections (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). They serve breakfasts, main courses, light choices, desserts and drinks (Little Chef, 2011). However, they have a menu for children. The children’s menu consists of two distinct segments: Children Up to Ten Years, and Toddlers Babies. For children up to ten years, Little Chef has a distinct menu that serves breakfast, main meals and puddings. For toddlers and babies, they serve food in three categories: 4+ mo nths, 7+ months and 10+ months. Targeting Market targeting is the next step after market segmentation. A market segment is a set of potential buyers with common characteristics that an organization chooses to serve. There are three aspects to consider when choosing a target market. The first is the size of the market, and its potential for growth. The second is the market’s structural attractiveness. The final consideration to make is the business’ objectives and resources (Bragg, 2004). When targeting a market, there are three options an organization may opt for. The first is undifferentiated marketing, where a company may choose to target its product to the entire market, regardless of geographical or demographic differences. Coca-Cola’s initial marketing strategy was in this form, although customer needs are now considered in the manufacture of diet sodas, caffeine free soda and other considerations (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). The second option is to target se veral segments and develop distinct products for each segment. For example, airline operators have business and economy classes, and marketing is done differently for each target group. This is known as differentiated marketing (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). The third option is to segment the market and target one market. This is known as concentrated marketing. Rolls Royce, for example, develops its vehicles only for high-end customers looking for, and willing to pay for, comfort and luxury (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). McDonald’s Over the years, McDonald’s has become famous for targeting families with their ‘happy meals’. Its lower-priced menu means McDonald’s franchises appeal more to larger families than smaller ones. The traditionally cheaper prices of food at McDonald’s signify that it targets a larger spectrum of customers than other fast food restaurants in the United States and across the world. In addition, most McDonald’s franchise s are located in suburbs and downtown areas of crowded cities across the globe, which takes them closer to a large number of middle-class citizens (Greco Michman, 1995). McDonald’s has been accused in the past of specifically targeting children with its promotional material. The use of colourful advertising and targeted messages has raised concerns in America over business ethics and the regulation of advertising among large corporations. Teinowitz and MacArthur (2005) reported that McDonald’s were reportedly targeting children as young as four in their marketing campaigns. The main ethical issue raised was the manner with which McDonald’s was taking advantage of the vulnerability of children. Little Chef Towards 2007, Little Chef was accused by several publications and experts for their inability to tap into new target markets. Roadside restaurants are a highly lucrative idea. However, their inability to adapt to the changing needs of customers is reported to be one of the major sources of its downfall. Based on the organization’s core concept, Little Chef’s target market are travellers along British roads. All its restaurants are located along busy motorways and highways in the United Kingdom. Just before it went into administration in 2007, criticism was directed towards the company’s marketing strategy by many experts including Andy Poole, a Senior Accounts Manager at a leading Public Relations firm in the United Kingdom. Little Chef still has a vast target market of consumers aged 25 years plus with mass potential that has not been tapped into. Hopefully this will be realised and any future investment spent on unlocking this rather than trying to target new markets with lame publicity campaigns and branding techniques (Poole, 2007). Positioning Once a company decides to target select market segments, the next step is to occupy a unique position within the customer’s mind. This means that the customer has t o have a different and unique perception towards a company’s product. As Ries and Trout (1972) explain, â€Å"Positioning is not what you do to a product; it is what you do to the mind of a prospect.† In essence, market positioning answers the organization’s question of ‘who’ they want to be. A good example of how to position a product is the case of Coca Cola and the Diet Coke. Most male consumers regarded Diet Coke as a girly and feminine product, and naturally they felt left out and did not feel obliged to purchase that product. In response, Coca Cola introduced the branded Coke Zero, designed to appeal to male consumers. Market positioning is used to reach out to a particular audience in a crowded market place. McDonald’s Dylan (2007) states categorically that McDonald’s has always wanted to be identified as a family-oriented and family friendly. It has, therefore, marketed itself in a way that draws families and family-oriented cu stomers towards it. They developed this identity, as explained by Dylan, even before they developed their product. It is also noteworthy to mention that McDonald’s does not only market itself as a family-oriented fast food chain of restaurants, but also as a reasonably low-priced fast food restaurant that offers meals that taste fantastic. Obviously, McDonald’s has the potential to target a larger market audience, but they chose not to. It chose to position itself as a family-oriented fast food restaurant, and picked families and children as their target audience. To provide better focus McDonald’s market position, certain decisions made by the company can be considered. First McDonald’s does not choose to prepare better quality meals at a higher price and longer preparation hours than its competitors. Secondly, they have the capability to offer more meals, a wider menu and a larger variety of meals, but they choose not to and stick with well-known produc ts. Finally, they have continued to target children and families, but not adults. Little Chef In an article for the Financial Times, Stern (2009) describes Little Chef with the same emotion that most analysts and pundits across Britain do: nostalgia. Most adults in the UK today remember visiting Little Chef as children with their parents. It was a must do for nearly all British children, particularly during journeys across the country. Little Chef’s position, therefore, is already set. However, the cause of their decline in the late nineties and the early part of this century was their inability to adapt to the market’s needs. The arrival of American food and the ‘McDonald’s style’ of service caused a shift in the attitudes of the majority. Currently, the company is undergoing an evolution. They have the advantage of heritage and market presence on their side, but it is necessary that they establish modern methods of doing business (Peletier, 2011). Marketing mix A firm must find a way of marketing itself to success by mixing four key elements, commonly known as the four Ps of the marketing mix. These are product, price, place and promotion. A firm must find the right product, sell it at the right price, find the right place to sell it, and find the most suitable way to promote it. Having the right product means the product must have all the right features, and it must work well. The price of the product also has to be right, because a price too high or too low may compromise the product’s profit margins. It also has to be available in the right place at the right time, so that customers do not fail to get it. Finally, promotion is necessary to ensure customers are aware of the product’s existence and availability (The Times 100, 2011). McDonald’s Product McDonald’s is very particular on the products it offers. Their top consideration when creating their menus is their consideration of the customerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability and willingness to spend. There is, therefore, considerable emphasis on the products that are placed on the menu. McDonald’s is also acutely aware of the changing preferences of customers, and they endeavour to ensure that they keep in touch with their customers’ preferences. Figure 1: McDonalds Product Life Cycle (McDonalds, 2008) When introducing a new product, however, McDonald’s takes significant caution to safeguard the sales of existing products. The new product must not cannibalize the sales of another product (McDonalds, 2008). Price Price carries psychological connotation to the customer, and therefore the price of a product has significant bearing to the buying habits of customers. Price is therefore guided by the customer’s perception of value. As discussed in previous sections, McDonald’s has historically targeted customers in the inner cities of highly populated cities (McDonalds, 2008). The organization must be caref ul to ensure they do not price the product too high or too low. Pricing the product low could have a negative impact on the customers’ placement of the product. Low prices usually signify compromised quality. In addition, if competitors reduce their prices to match McDonald’s prices, profits will have been reduced without the company gaining market share. Place Place is not only about finding the right location or the best points of distribution of a product. It also about managing a range of processes to ensure the product reaches the end customer in the best possible way. McDonald’s restaurants are located in most of the world’s major cities. It places itself in cities to ensure they get the maximum number of customers that can afford and are wiling to eat fast food. Promotion Promotion covers all aspects of communication by a company. McDonald’s uses promotional methods like promotions, merchandising, telemarketing, exhibitions, seminars, demons trations, loyalty schemes and point of sale display. Advertising is also widely used, particularly on TV, radio, online, in magazines and in newspapers. All these contribute to ensuring customers are aware of the existence and availability of the company’s products (McDonalds, 2008). The first step that McDonald’s use is to gain the attention of their customers, and to make sure they retain their interest. The next step is to ensure that these customers like the products that the company offers. The key to reaching their customers has been to combine all these media in ensuring they reach families and young people. The messages, colours, tag lines and promotional material used appeal to the target market. Their promotional style has been accused by protesters and human rights groups as wrong, since it is considered ethically wrong to target vulnerable children with advertising. Little Chef Product The main product that Little Chef offers, of course, is food. They have their menu divided into breakfasts, lighter courses, main courses, desserts, drinks, children and takeaway. Their breakfast dishes include the bloomer butty, the American style breakfast, the healthy breakfast and their famous Olympic breakfast. The Olympic breakfast has bacon, sausage, eggs, mushroom, grilled tomato, baked beans and potatoes, served with fried bread or toast. Their light courses are salads, bloomer bread toasties and various snacks. Their main courses have burgers as their main dishes, with additional options like onion rings and Coleshaw. Little Chef serves pancakes and ice creams for dessert, hot, chilled and alcoholic drinks, and various takeaway meals. Price Little Chef has always priced its commodities quite highly compared to its competitors. Before the takeover in 2007, one of the chief complaints by customers was that the food was not worth the high price that was being charged by the company. The new management has revamped the restaurant, made several key changes to their restaurants and menus and most importantly, prices have not increased by much. This makes the customers appreciate the amount of money they pay for their food. Most customers give a positive review, stating that the food may be a little expensive, but the quality is well worth the price (Little Chef, 2011). Just like McDonald’s, pricing their food too low may have compromised their market position. Place Little Chef targets travelling individuals and families across Britain, so it is natural to locate its restaurants along Britain’s highways. Nearly all major highways have a Little Chef restaurant. However, being on highways, the placement of their business presents two main challenges. First, the business relies heavily on travelling folk. This is not a problem at the moment, however, but if this changes and people start relying more on cooked food, the business could be endangered. Secondly, there are situations where travellers on only one side of the highway are served and not the other. For example, the Barton Stacey, Carcroft and Fenstanton restaurants along the A303, A1 and A14 respectively serve only westbound, northbound and eastbound travellers respectively. Promotion Just like McDonald’s, Little Chef uses communication media to reach its customers. In 2007, however, they had to use a more aggressive method to reach its new customers and inform them about their new look and new restaurants. This led RCapital, the new owners of the company, to hire the services of celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal to promote its restaurants. Little Chef relies a lot on its heritage. They use it to appeal to its customers, who are primarily British. Conclusion Based on the history of the businesses, both companies were started around the same time but have had very different growth paths. McDonald’s has had a meteoric rise to world domination, thanks to proper management and effective marketing, while Little Chef has remaine d confined to one corner of the world and has struggled. However, looking at both companies at the moment, the marketing approach used is quite similar. They have created products that appeal best to their target markets and served the food in restaurants that promote their standing as restaurants. McDonald’s approach to marketing differs significantly from Little Chef’s because of the magnitude of the company, and its global presence. It has to adapt different marketing strategies to different cultures, regions and markets, while maintaining its core appearance and products. Little Chef, on the other hand, uses a similar marketing approach to all its restaurants no matter where they are located in Britain. For both companies, once they have set a marketing strategy, tasks are given to different people for execution. They quantify success by ensuring they meet their short term targets, and they obtain feedback from the market using set systems. One great way to obtain feedback has been the internet, through which the company can get fast and unfiltered feedback fast. It is important to note, of course, that all these marketing goals have to be reached within the confines of a tight and finite budget. Bibliography Associated Press. (2011, November 10). McDonalds remodelling pays off in revenue rise. Retrieved from New Zealand Herald: nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=10764891 Baker, R. (2011, May 11). Little Chef cooks up a new look. Retrieved from Marketing Week: marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food-and-drink/little-chef-cooks-up-a-new-look/3026245.article Batty, D. (2009, October 27). McDonalds to quit Iceland as Big Mac costs rise. The Guardian, pp. web: guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/27/mcdonalds-to-quit-iceland. Birmingham City University. (2011, May 27). Critical Analysis. Retrieved from Study Guides : Study Skills: http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/Study%20Skills%20Guides/4%20Critical%20analysis.htm Bragg, R. (2004). Target Market Identification Development. Spring Hill, TN: Welcome to the Center for Profitable Agriculture (CPA). Business Dictionary. (2011). Marketing Strategy. Retrieved from BusinessDictionary.com: businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing-strategy.html BusinessDictonary. (2011). Product Mix. Retrieved from BusinessDictonary.com: businessdictionary.com/definition/product-mix.html Dylan, W. (2007). Even McDonalds has a market position. In W. Dylan, Small Business, Big Marketing (pp. 4-6). MarketingYourSmallBusiness.com. Greco, A., Michman, R. (1995). Retaining Triumphs and Blunders: Victims of Competition in the New Age of Marketing Management. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. London: Pearson Books. LeJeune, E. (2001, November 8). Critical Analysis. Retrieved from Southeastern Louisiana University: http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/elejeune/critique.htm Little Chef. (2011). A Little Bit About Us. Retrieved from Little Chef : http://littlechef.co.uk/aboutus Little Chef. (2011). Menu. Retrieved from Little Chef.co.uk: http://littlechef.co.uk/menu Little Chef. (2011). Your Comments. Retrieved from Little Chef: littlechef.co.uk/customercomments.php Masters, T. (2009). Snapshot. In T. Masters, Europe on a Shoestring (p. 36). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. McDonalds. (2008). Marketing At McDonalds. Oak Brook: McDonald’s Corporation. McDonalds. (2011). About McDonalds. Retrieved from About McDonalds: aboutmcdonalds.com/country/map.html Peletier, C. (2011, May 12). Little Chef. Retrieved from Identity Designed: http://identitydesigned.com/little-chef/ Poole, A. (2007, January 9). How would you save Little Chef? Retrieved from U Talk Marketing: utalkmarketing.com/Pages/Article.aspx?ArticleID=923Title=How_would_you_save_Little_Chef? Ries, A., Trout, J. (2001). Introduction. In A. Ries, J. Trout, Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (p. 2). New York: McGraw-Hill Books. Smith, B. (2004). Market Segmentation. Perth: University of Ballarat. Stern, S. (2009, November 2). Big lessons we can learn from Little Chef. Financial Times, pp. web: ft.com/cms/s/0/49b28e4c-c7e0-11de-8ba8-00144feab49a.html#axzz1dP0o8R9S. Teinowitz, I., MacArthur, K. (2005, January 28). McDonalds ads target children as young as 4. Free Press, p. web: freepress.net/news/6424. The Times 100. (2011). Marketing mix (Price, Place, Promotion, Product). Retrieved from Marketing: thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theorymarketing-mix-(price-place-promotion-product)243.php Walkman, D. (2007, August 29). Top Fast Food Countries. Retrieved from International Trade: http://daniel-workman.suite101.com/top-fast-food-countries-a29881 Warman, M. (2009, January 13). Heston Blumenthal: Big Chef Takes on Little Chef. 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AP World History - Learn What Test Score You Need

AP World History - Learn What Test Score You Need World History is a popular Advanced Placement subject, and in 2017 nearly 300,000 students took the AP World History exam. Many colleges have a history requirement as part of their general education programs, and a high score on the exam will often fulfill the requirement and qualify students to take upper-level history courses. About the AP World History Course and Exam AP World History is designed to cover the material one would encounter in a two-semester introductory-level college world history course, although the reality is that very few colleges will award two semesters of credit for the course. The course is broad and covers important people and events from 8000 B.C.E to the present. Students learn to make historical arguments and historical comparisons, and they learn how to analyze and write about both primary and secondary sources. Students study how to contextualize historical events, and how to understand cause and effect in relation to historical phenomena. The course can be broken down into five broad themes: The ways that humans have been shaped by the environment as well as the way that humans have affected and transformed the environment.The rise and interaction of different cultures, and the ways that religions and various  belief systems have molded societies over time.Issues of state including the study of agrarian, pastoral, and mercantile states, as well as the ideological foundations of governing systems such as religion and nationalism. Students also study types of states such as autocracies and democracies, and conflicts and wars between states.Economic systems including their creation, expansion, and interaction. Students study agricultural and industrial systems as well as systems of labor including free labor and coerced labor.Social structures within human societies including those based on kinship, ethnicity, gender, race, and wealth. Students will study have different social groups are created, sustained, and transformed. Along with the five themes, AP World History can be broken down into six historical periods: Name of Time Period Date Range Weight on Exam Technological and Environmental Transformation 8000 to 600 B.C.E. 5 percent Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600 B.C.E to 600 C.E. 15 percent Regional and Interregional Interactions 600 C.E. to 1450 20 percent Global Interactions 1450 to 1750 20 percent Industrialization and Global Integration 1750 to 1900 20 percent Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900 to the Present 20 percent AP World History Exam Score Information In 2018, 303,243 students took the Advanced Placement World History exam. The mean score was a 2.78. 56.2 percent of students received a score of 3 or higher, meaning they might qualify for college credit or course placement. The distribution of scores for the AP World History exam is as follows: AP World History Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 26,904 8.9 4 60,272 19.9 3 83,107 27.4 2 86,322 28.5 1 46,638 15.4 The College Board has posted preliminary score distributions for the World History exam for 2019 test-takers. Note that these numbers may change slightly as late exams get recorded. Preliminary 2019 AP World History Score Data Score Percentage of Students 5 8.7 4 19 3 28.3 2 28.9 1 15.1 College Credit Course Placement for AP World History Most colleges and universities have a history requirement and/or a global perspectives requirement, so a high score on the AP World History exam will sometimes fulfill one or both of these requirements. The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP World History exam. For other schools, youll need to search the colleges website or contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information. AP World History Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 4 or 5 1000-level history (3 semester hours) LSU 4 or 5 HIST 1007 (3 credits) MIT 5 9 general elective units Notre Dame 5 History 10030 (3 credits) Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; no placement Stanford University - no credit or placement for the AP World History exam Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 HIST 131 World Civilizations before 500 A.D. (3 credits) for a 3 or 4; HIST 131 World Civilizations before 500 A.D. and HIST 133 World Civilizations, 1700-Present (6 credits) for a 5 UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and World History placement Yale University - no credit or placement for the AP World History exam A Final Word on AP World History Keep in mind that college placement isnt the only reason to take AP World History. Selective colleges and universities typically rank an applicants  academic record  as the most important factor in the admissions process. Extracurricular activities and essays matter, but good grades in challenging classes matter more. The admissions folks will want to see good grades in college preparatory classes. Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate (IB), Honors, and Dual Enrollment classes all play an important role in demonstrating an applicants college readiness. In fact, success in challenging courses is the best predictor of college success available to the admissions officers. SAT and ACT scores have some predictive value, but the  thing they best predict is the income of the applicant. If youre trying to figure out which AP classes to take, World History is often a good choice. It is a popular exam ranking below just five subjects: Calculus, English Language, English Literature, Psychology, and United States History. Colleges like to admit students who have broad, worldly knowledge, and World History certainly helps demonstrate that knowledge. To learn more specific information about the AP World History exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website.

SWOT Analysis assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SWOT Analysis assignment - Case Study Example As for the screen particular The Galaxy S2 set the stage for astounding colour and vibrancy and the S3 takes that and includes additional land. The HTC One Xs screen is superb, yet preparation issues make it miss the top spot. In the event that we are speaking about electric storage device longevity, the HTC One X offers a somewhat nippier processor than the Galaxy S3. On paper, at any rate, it dominates the competition. Concurring to the polaroid specifications, iphone 4s. The rich, even tone gave by the 4s puts it somewhat in front of the One X. We havent had the ability to appropriately test the S3s Polaroid yet on paper in any event, It isnt putting forth any significant upgrades over the S2. Without having not less than a couple of hours to play around with the S3 , it’s challenging to know exactly how accommodating its additional programming characteristics will be. Were quick to perceive how the new Touchwiz contrasts with Sense 4.0, however were still enormous devotees of ios straightforwardness. The study has found that Apple is the ruler of the market at present. As the CEO of this company the Analysis of this vertical it is recommended that the company should focus more on its strengths and leverage on available market opportunities. Some of the options available at present include diversification of products as well as geographical diversification into emerging economies; increase market share by adopting to low pricing strategies. Apple Inc. has found High demand of iPad mini and iPhone 5, and with the launch of iTV, a higher market penetration can be observed in the near future. A Strong growth of mobile advertising market and increasing demand for cloud based services will increase its overall market share

Communication Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Theory - Assignment Example And I find this approach professional and reasonable as well. Relational Dialectics Theory elaborates how personal and social relationships are maintained despite interpersonal and social differences (Harvey and Housel 56). For example, Mr. David is an introvert person wants to maintain his privacy whereas his friend Mr. Frank, who has an extrovert personality, prefers to openness about issues. In their relationship, this theory proposes that both should understand their internal conflicting views besides maintaining their relationship amicably. From another perspective, it is important to understand the word â€Å"dialectics.† According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, dialectics refers to a process through which two opponent forces attempt to resolve their conflict amicably. In a deeper analysis, it can also be argued that this theory maintains that it is difficult to understand openness without understanding closeness; the comprehension of openness relies on the inbuilt concept of closeness. And the same is applicable for comprehending the concept of closeness through understanding openness as well. In this regard, Sahlstein mentions that social relationships are important for people as they want to retain them but simultaneously they are also inclined to maintain their personal integrity, values inbuilt to their personality and that is obtained through defining oneself particularly in relation to others (p.693). This statement needs further elaboration. For example, if two friends have a divergent opinion about an issue. In that situation, both have two options either to reject each other’s opinion and break their social relationship or sit together, understand the issue and retain the relationship as well. If they opt for the second option, they will have an opportunity to understand the inbuilt differences in the issue and evaluate each other’s point of view. In that situation, it is not necessary

The Supreme Court on ‘Hazelwood’ Essay Example for Free

The Supreme Court on ‘Hazelwood’ Essay Both judges and school officials have been thinking about and dealing with the nature of students’ rights to free speech through the 1970s and 1980s, since Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Dist., the 1969 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that acknowledged student rights. Stating that students do not â€Å"shed their constitutional rights . . . at the schoolhouse gate† (393 U.S. at 506), the Court upheld the right of three Des Moines high school students to wear black armbands as a peaceful symbol of opposition to the Vietnam war. . . . The Court’s ruling and reasoning subsequently were applied to student expression other than the wearing of armbands, from theater productions to art shows, from school assemblies to student publications. . . . The Supreme Court, balancing students’ constitutional freedoms and administrators’ traditional responsibilities, said in Tinker that school officials could not stop expression simply because they disliked it. . . . Student journalists’ efforts to gain press freedom experienced a major setback on January 13, 1988, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier that school administrators could censor a school-sponsored newspaper. Just as Tinker had started an era of expanded student rights, so Hazelwood signals a departure that could lead toward more restriction of students’ expression. The Hazelwood principal believed that the stories he censored—accounts of unnamed, pregnant students and a report on the impact of parental divorce on students—were unfair and inappropriate for teenagers. He was concerned that the â€Å"anonymous† students could be identified, that the school would appear to be condoning teenage pregnancy, and that divorced parents criticized should be consulted prior to publication. . . . Instead of ruling narrowly on student newspapers, the Court in Hazelwood gave discretion to school officials to: 1. Serve as publisher. . . . 2. Censor, if there is a â€Å"reasonable† educational justification, any expression that does not properly reflect the school’s educational mission. The Court called it reasonable to censor a newspaper story that school officials believe is not â€Å"fair,† expression that deals with â€Å"sensitive topics,† and content that is â€Å"ungrammatical, poorly written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or profane, or unsuitable for immature audiences.† 3. Use this power to control expression through any school-sponsored activity. Legal distinctions between class-produced and extra-curricular publications disappeared. Theater production, art shows, debates, and pep rallies are just some of the schoolsponsored activities now under tighter control. . . . 4. Review student expression in advance, even when no guidelines define what will or will not be censored. Constitution of the United States, Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Machiavelli’s The Prince :: Machiavelli The Prince Essays

Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Florence, Italy in the 1400’s. The country of Italy was divided into city-states that had their own leaders, but all pledged alliance to their king. In time in which great leaders were needed in order to help the development of a city-state and country, Machiavelli had a theory that man needed a leader to control them. In his book The Prince, he speaks of the perfect leader. I believe that man, by nature, is neither good nor evil. When a child comes out of its mother, one cannot tell whether or not that child will be a serial killer or win the Nobel Peace prize. A child’s environment is what forms it to be the adult that it will be one day. I believe that it also what one believes that makes him or her what that person will be one day. Machiavelli believed however that man was naturally an evil being, one that needed control (Prince). The idea of man being an evil being, by nature, is expressed in Machiavelli’s book The Prince. He has written that a Prince should break his promises to his subjects because man is evil and will break their promises to their prince (Prince). I do not agree with this theory because I think that man will make his own decision based on whether or not he is good in character. I believe that a leader should tell the truth and win the support of the public by being known as doing this. Machiavelli seems to have the idea of preparing for the worst and thinking in terms of the worst. This is a preventative measure that will benefit anybody who has evil intentions. Only a person who thinks that man is evil would think of such ways to run a government in the way that Machiavelli thought a government should be operated. Machiavelli felt that â€Å"crafty and deceitful princes have historically defeated the faithful princes†(Prince). What happened to the idea of a caring leader, one who could be trusted to make decisions that the majority of the people agreed with? I do not agree with Machiavelli that a leader should be deceitful in order to for his country to succeed or grow. I think that what a leader is depends on what type of man you are good or evil. The leader that Machiavelli describes as being the ideal one is evil.

Letter To My Children

As I lay awake in bed with Carol by my side, sharing my insomnia, it occurred to me, totally out of the blue, that Neo had opened up for me a new world of understanding, which is to say that my conversation with him had led me to the realization that there was a way out of my conflicts here and now.   I was being selfish aforetime: it occurred to me.   Although I could not go to the Vatican all the way from America in order to express my new understanding of Christianity – rather than to pose questions that the authorities on religion there were not expected to appreciate – I could express myself before my children, as though nakedly.But what would I teach them?   I certainly did not wish to confuse them by sharing my conflicts.   Neither did I desire for them to catch on my negative emotions surrounding the wonderful truths I was learning my entire life.   One such negative emotion was my slight fear of various authorities on religion because I could not get over my miserable misunderstandings with them.   I understood that the authorities on religion are meant to be peacemakers, and yet I could not see eye to eye with them on many issues of peace, which, in my awareness, is often a result of increased knowledge and new understanding of faith.These misunderstandings, I knew, were tormenting me alone, while they slept soundly night after night.   I recalled then the words of Jesus, virtually unaware at the time that Carol had started to sing in bed a song from the film, Evita:Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.  Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled (Gospel  of Matthew, Chapter 5, Verses 3-6).Did I have to share myself with the various authorities on religion in order to find peace?   I did not believe so.   All the same, my torment was asking me to somehow stand in front of the whole wide world and declare myself to be a true seeker of truth.   Then, and only then, I thought, would I find peace.   However, it was impossible for me to stand on the stage before the entire Christian world and declare myself to be true.   As soon as I realized that my mind was straying away from my children, I said â€Å"Yes.†Ã‚   Carol asked me right away, â€Å"What?†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, nothing,† I said.   â€Å"I am enjoying your song!†Ã‚   Carol continued singing from that point on.I got back to my reflections through insomnia.   I thought that I knew that I could die very soon, and I did not have the kind of oneness Jesus experienced with God Almighty to know when.   I could express my understanding to my children – yes I could do that, I thought again – and my children in turn would develop their own understanding of religion based on my teachings and their own experiences in lif e.As I lay in bed reflecting on the new questions that had perhaps occurred to me through supernatural inspiration, it did not take me long to figure out what exactly I would be teaching my children and how.   I would write a letter to them, directing Carol to deliver it to them only  when they have all reached maturity at the same time.   I would not want one child wanting to know more than the others at any given time.   I would like them to grow in spirituality altogether.   I did not want them to have to go through the experience of single handedly dealing with the problems of realizing the truth as I did.   I did not want them to feel as alone in the world as I felt.But perhaps I would eventually leave the letter in Carol’s hand to decide when to give it to each of my kids, I thought.   I was â€Å"hungering and thirsting after righteousness.†Ã‚   I knew that expressing my understanding of the religion to my children would grant me a sense of complet ion from the Almighty – somehow.   I did not know how He worked on such completions.By the time I had reached this point in my train of thoughts, I realized that Carol had gone to sleep.   Her singing was over and done with; she was snoring, in fact.   I suddenly realized a sense of greater freedom in my thoughts.   Increased confidence was aroused to boot.   Although I knew that Jesus had said, â€Å"Blessed are they that have been persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven† (Matthew, Chapter 5, Verse 10), I neither had the strength nor the courage to stand before the world and discuss my concept of religion.   I should have had the courage, I thought, but sadly, I did not.   I then realized that perhaps this kind of courage is unnecessary, given that Jesus had also said: â€Å"Agree with thine adversary quickly, lest haply the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison† (Matthew, Chapter 5, Verse 25).Was Jesus right there with me to teach me something of the essence?   How was it that verses from the Gospel of Matthew were appearing in my self without notice, and perhaps out of context?  I got out of bed then, with the awareness that I had the courage to teach my understanding of Christianity to my children, even if I could not teach the whole world.   Yet I did not want to express my entire self to my children.   I only believed that they had a right to know the basics that I was working with.   I believed in their right to question religious practices of the world.   I also trusted that they would eventually find the truth using the tools I would provide them with.I turned on the lamp on my desk.   Carol moved a little in bed, responding to the click of the lamp.   Fortunately, she did not get up to ask what I was up to.   I did not want to bother her at all, and so I sat down to write, as though in a wh isper:â€Å"Dear children,  Ã‚  By this time you must be old enough to feel the need to know God.   You will be exposed to many practices in the Church†¦.†Ã‚  I gave up writing at this point, tore the page in half, and took a fresh sheet of paper to begin again.â€Å"Dear Children,  For I say unto you, that except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and the Pharisees, ye shall in no wise enter into the kingdom of heaven.â€Å"’Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:â€Å"’But I say unto you, that every one who is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment; and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council; and whoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of the hell of fire.â€Å"’If therefore thou art offering thy gift at the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother h ath aught against thee,â€Å"’Leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way, first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift’† (Matthew, Chapter 5, Verses 20-24).I comprehended what I was doing.   Comparing the Pharisees and the scribes to the majority of religious authorities in the world, I was directing my children to go to the scriptures whenever they require guidance from the divine authority.   I did not have another way of teaching them the truth.   I wanted to say that they must never go to any religious authorities except the scriptures in the process of seeking truth; and that they must be good to each other, no matter what.I had written the words of Jesus in my memory with great enthusiasm.   And I did not doubt that my children could – given the right direction – show equal respect to the word of righteousness.   Yet I doubted whether I should tell them everything about the Church as it existed in the world today.I gave a moment of attention to Carol at this point.   She was snoring, fast asleep, and looking lovely.   I thought with tenderness that her children were mine, and I had a right to teach them whatever I felt I must.   I did not have to mention the Church and the circumstances surrounding my role in it that very day.   It was not important, given that the circumstances surrounding the Church were expected by me to change, perhaps drastically, in the years of my offspring’s maturity.I went back to my letter.   Without explaining myself in it, besides the purpose of my letter, I felt that I had to write something else I remembered from the Gospel of Matthew:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’At that season Jesus answered and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou didst hide these things from the wise and understanding, and didst reveal them unto babes:â€Å"’Yea, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in thy sight’ (Chapter 11, Verses 25-26).Confident in my writing, I continued:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"My dear children, after reading the above scriptures you must be thinking that perhaps I felt in my years in Church that these are some of the most perfect verses in the Gospels.   As a matter of fact, I did not think so.   And the only reason I am writing you today is that I want you to learn how to trust yourselves in seeking the truth.   The scriptures are the best guidance I can offer you now.   Hold on to them, learn from them, and do not mind questioning the practices of others  when you do not believe them to be correct.   This is, in my opinion, the best attitude to take into maturity.   Let us leave the rest in God’s hand.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Your loving father on earth.†

Hitler Research Paper

Brianna Milligan Mr. McCaw AP Lit and Comp 9 November 2012 On April 20th 1889, Adolf Hitler was born. Adolf is debatably the most remembered dictator in all of history; he was responsible for the genocide of 6 million Jews, and other minorities. Why Hitler developed a strong angst against the Jews is unclear, although there are many theories, none prove to be factual. Perhaps it was this influential man’s huge desire for power that drove him to such drastic measures. Despite, Hitler’s unforgivable actions – rejection, war, and power are the three elements that created Adolf Hitler, the face of Nazi Germany.As a young German boy, Adolf loved art so much so, that all he sometimes did was sketch and paint. He was particularly gifted with academics; he passed his classes with great ease and found school to be fairly unchallenging. Despite his academic abilities, he stopped caring and trying in school as he grew older. The reason for this would be Alois’ death (Hitler’s father) when Adolf was only 13. However, it was Hitler’s biggest aspiration to be accepted into Vienna Academy of Art, but after submitting his application several times Hitler was rejected.Prior to his father’s death, Hitler and Alois had their differences due to Alois’ opinion on the pointlessness of art school. Adolf was abused by his father for many years, and it is arguable that this rejection from his own father built up unhealthy steam. After being rejected by the Academy of Art, he lived in Vienna pretending to be an art student to avoid telling his mother, Klara, the truth. In 1907, his mother passed away of cancer, and this was probably the most traumatic thing in Hitler’s youth. â€Å"Her death affected him far more deeply than the death of his father.He had fond memories of his mother, carried her photograph wherever he went and, it is claimed, had it in his hand when he died in 1945. † (Spartacus Educational) He could never face his mother, in fear of being rejected by her as well. The First World War was surfacing and Hitler had ignored his call-up papers for enlisting in the Austrian Army. Shortly after being taken in by the authorities for a medical examination for the army, â€Å"he was rejected as being: â€Å"Unfit for combatant and auxiliary duty – too weak. Unable to bear arms. (Spartacus Educational) Acceptance in the psychological development of a teenager is crucial, and Hitler was repeatedly rejected. World War I was in full action, and Hitler joined the German Army. Most soldiers look back on violent wars and talk about the brutality and struggles, but Hitler wrote, â€Å"I was overcome with impetuous enthusiasm, and falling on my knees, wholeheartedly thanked Heaven that I had been granted the happiness to live at this time. † (Mein Kampf) Hitler found this to be his â€Å"greatest spiritual experience† (Mein Kampf) and from then on found himself becoming obse ssed with the military.He volunteered for the job of ‘dispatch-runner’ which required him to run across the front-line and relay messages from regimental headquarters. Being on the front lines were extremely dangerous considering only one out of three messengers lived. Adolf Hitler won five medals including the honorable â€Å"Iron Cross. † This was one of his first successors, and WWI had become his favorite point in his life. It was until October 1918, when Hitler breathed in some British Mustard Gas and was blinded. This resulted in Hitler having to stay in the hospital until he recovered.While he was in the hospital, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles and had surrendered. The few peers and colleagues of Hitler stated that he had slipped into a deep depression once he’d caught wind of the news, and this was just another failure that Adolf had associated himself with. Post-war Hitler had been shocked that a socialist revolution had occurred, and as a dedicated German Nationalist he was infuriated with these social equality movements. He believed that communism was evil and that these Socialist party revolutions were nothing but â€Å"Jewish Conspiracies† (YouTube: Adolf Hitler the Greatest Story Never Told).Eventually, Hitler was recruited as a German political officer, and could now lecture soldiers on politics. Germany was in a state of economic downfall because of the Treaty of Versailles. All of the war reparations were to be a paid for by Germany because they had originally started the war, Hitler was deeply involved with politics and loved war. Therefore he was agitated by the fact that the Treaty was having Germany pay for everything and he rendered that it was an unfair treaty.Hitler, at this time, was a common public speaker, and not too long after all these speeches he created his own political party. â€Å"In February 1920, the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) published its first programme whi ch became known as the â€Å"25 Points†. In the programme the party refused to accept the terms of the Versailles Treaty and called for the reunification of all German people. To reinforce their ideas on nationalism, equal rights were only to be given to German citizens. â€Å"Foreigners† and â€Å"aliens† would be denied these rights. (Spartacus Educational) This is when Hitler’s evident hatred of the Jews became visible to all of Germany, but his speaking was so influential and it made sense at the time that people didn’t disagree. His party was the biggest favored political party during this period. Hitler’s newfound party became known as the ‘Nazi Party. ’ â€Å"According to Hitler, Jews were responsible for everything he did not like, including modern art, pornography and prostitution. Hitler also alleged that the Jews had been responsible for losing the First World War.Hitler also claimed that Jews, who were only about 1% of the population, were slowly taking over the country. They were doing this by controlling the largest political party in Germany, the German Social Democrat Party, many of the leading companies and several of the country's newspapers. The fact that Jews had achieved prominent positions in a democratic society was, according to Hitler, an argument against democracy: â€Å"a hundred blockheads do not equal one man in wisdom. † (YouTube: Adolf Hitler the Greatest Story Never Told).It wasn’t long before Hitler ran for president, won, and became a dictator. He now had complete and total power, and had already begun deportation plans for the Jewish people in Germany. Hitler let the German people know right away that the Jewish were the reason they lost the war, he read Henry Ford’s book The International Jew, and stemmed a passionate hatred toward the very existence of the Jewish race. It wasn’t until autumn of 1941 that Hitler openly spoke about the annihil ation of the Jews, but he wasted no time in preparing the concentrations camps which was ultimately his ‘final solution. (adolfhitler. dk. ) Adolf Hitler controlled everything in Germany during the holocaust, every horror imaginable was going on in these concentration camps, and Germany’s strategies in WWII were extremely violent. The mass murder of the Jewish population was called the Holocaust. Hitler took over many territories all over the world during WWII, and his army was incredibly disciplined and brutal. Conclusively, the Holocaust was a result of the creation of the Nazi Party.Hitler was rejected by society, became obsessed with war, and his complete control of Germany with his ultimate power led to the genocide of 6 million Jews. Works Cited: â€Å"Adolf Hitler. † Adolf Hitler. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. adolfhitler. dk/;. â€Å"Spartacus Educational. † Spartacus Educational. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. sparta cus. schoolnet. co. uk/GERhitler. htm;. YouTube. Dir. Deephiddentruth. YouTube. YouTube, 23 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=TERKermWgIg;.

Anglo-Saxon and Viking Queens of England

Anglo-Saxon and Viking Queens of England Either Aethelstan or his grandfather, Alfred the Great, is usually considered the first king of England, rather than of one part of England.   Alfred the Great adopted the title of king of the Anglo-Saxons, and Aethelstan, king of the English. The powers and roles of queens – the wives of monarchs – evolved considerably through this period.   Some werent even named in contemporary records. I’ve arranged these queens (and consorts who were not queens) according to their husbands for clarity. Alfred The Great (r. 871-899) He was the son of Aethelwulf, king of Wessex, and Osburh Ealhswith - married 868She was the daughter of Aethelred Mucil, a Mercian noble, and Eadburh, also a Mercian noble, supposedly descended from King Cenwulf of Mercia (ruled 796 – 812).She was never actually given the title of â€Å"queen.†Among their children were Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians; Aelfthryth, who married the Count of Flanders; and Edward, who succeeded his father as king. Edward The Elder (r. 899-924) He was the son of Alfred and Ealhswith (above).   He  had three marriages (or two and one nonmarital relationship). Ecgwynn – married 893, son was Athelstan, daughter Edith Aelfflaed – married 899seven children including four daughters who married into European royalty and a fifth who became a nun, and two sons, Aelfweard of Wessex and Edwin of Wessexone daughter was Edith (Eadgyth) of England, who married Emperor Otto I of Germany Eadgifu – married about 919, sons included Edmund I and Edred, a daughter Saint Edith of Winchester who was considered a saint, and another daughter (whose existence is questionable) who may have married a prince of Aquitaine Aelfweard (r. briefly and contested: 924) He was the son of Edward and Aelfflaed (above). no recorded consort Athelstan (r. 924-939) He was the son of Edward and Ecgwynn (above). no recorded consort Edmund I (r. 939-946) He was the son of Edward and Eadgifu (above). Aelfgifu of Shaftesbury – date of marriage unknown, died 944revered as a saint soon after her deathmother of his two sons, who each ruled: Eadwig (born about 940) and Edgar (born 943)no indication she was recognized with the title of queen during her time Aethelflaed of Damerham – married 944, daughter of Aelfgar of Essex. Left a wealthy widow when Edmund died in 946, she remarried. Eadred (r. 946-55) He was the son of Edward and Eadgifu (above). no recorded consort Eadwig (r.955-959) He was the son of Edmund I and Aelfgifu (above). Aelfgifu, married about 957; details are uncertain but she may have been of Mercian background; a lurid story is told of her and the king, involving a fight with (later Saint) Dunstan and Archbishop Oda. The marriage was dissolved in 958 because they were closely related – or perhaps to protect the claim of Eadwig’s brother, Edward, to the throne; she seems to have gone on to accumulate significant property Edgar (r. 959-975) He was the son of Edmund I and Aelfgifu (above) – the details of his relationships and the mothers of his sons are disputed. Aethelflaed (not married)Son Edward (below) Wulthryth (not married; Edgar is said to have kidnapped her from the nunnery at Wilton)Daughter Saint Edith of Wilton Aelfthryth, who was anointed as queenSon Aethelred (below) Edward II The Martyr (r. 975-979) He was the son of Edgar and Aethelflaed no known consort Aethelred II The Unready (R. 979-1013 and 1014-1016) He was the son of Edgar and Aelfthryth (above). Also spelled Ethelred. Aelfgifu of York – married possibly in the 980s – her name does not appear in writings until about 1100 – probably the daughter of Earl Thored of Northumbria – never anointed as queen – died about 1002Six sons, including Aethelstan Aetheling (heir apparent) and the future Edmund II, and at least three daughters including Eadgyth, married to Eadric Streona Emma of Normandy (about 985 – 1052) – married 1002 – daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy, and Gunnora – changed her name to Aelfgifu on marriage to Aethelred – married Canute after Aethelred’s defeat and death.   Their children were:Edward the ConfessorAlfredGoda or Godgifu Sweyn or Svein Forkbeard(r. 1013-1014) He was the son of Harold Bluetooth of Denmark and Gyrid Olafsdottir. Gunhild of Wenden – married about 990, fate unknown Sigrid the Haughty – married about 1000Daughter Estrith or Margaret, married Richard II of Normandy Edmund II Ironside (r Apr - Nov 1016) He was the son of Aethelred the Unready and Aelfgifu of York (above). Ealdgyth (Edith) of East Anglia - married about 1015 - born about 992 – died after 1016 – probably the widow of a man named Sigeferth. Probably the mother of:Edward the ExileEdmund Aetheling Canute The Great (r. 1016-1035) He was the son of  Svein Forkbeard  and Ã…Å¡wiÄ™tosÅ‚awa (Sigrid or Gunhild). Aelfgifu of Northampton – born about 990, died after 1040, regent in Norway 1030 – 1035 – she was simply put aside as a wife according to customs of the time so that Cnut could marry Emma of NormandySweyn, King of NorwayHarold Harefoot, King of England (below) Emma of Normandy, widow of Aethelred (above)Harthacnut (about 1018 – June 8, 1042) (below)Gunhilda of Denmark (about 1020 – July 18, 1038), married Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, without offspring Harold Harefoot (r. 1035-1040) He was the son of Canute and Aelfgifu of Northampton (above). may have been married to an Aelfgifu, may have had a son Harthacnut (r. 1035-1042) He was the son of Canute and Emma of Normandy (above). not married, no children Edward III The Confessor (r. 1042-1066) He was the son of Aethelred and Emma of Normandy (above). Edith of Wessex –lived about 1025 to December 18, 1075 – married January 23, 1045 – crowned as queen – they had no childrenHer father was Godwin, an English earl, and mother was Ulf, a sister of Cnut’s brother-in-law Harold II Godwinson (r. Jan - Oct 1066) He was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha Thorkelsdottir. Edith Swannesha or Edith the Fair – lived about 1025 – 1086 – common-law wife? five children including a daughter who married a Grand Duke of Kiev Ealdgyth or Edith of Mercia – was the wife of Wales ruler Gruffud ap Llywelyn and then queen consort of Harold Godwineson – marriage date probably 1066 Edgar Atheling (r. Oct - Dec 1066) He was the son of Edward the Exile (son of Edmund II Ironside and Ealdgyth, above) and Agatha of Hungary.   not married, no children Edgar’s sisters had connections to later English and Scottish rulers: Margaret who married Malcolm III of Scotland and had two daughters, Mary and Matilda of Scotland Cristina who became a nun and tutor to her nieces Mary and MatildaMatilda (born Edith) married Henry I of England and was the mother of the Empress Matilda Mary was the mother of Matilda of Boulogne  who married King Stephen of England Next queens:   Norman Queens of England

What Are The Best Jobs for Lazy People

What Are The Best Jobs for Lazy People People always say that you should do what you love and love what you do. But what if you love doing†¦ nothing? Or you just don’t love what you consider â€Å"work†? Maybe it’s time to rethink what â€Å"work† entails. Consider turning a hobby or a passion into a job. Or if you’re just truly lazy, maybe find something that requires very little effort for decent pay! It might not be glamorous, but if it suits you, then you might as well get off the hamster wheel and get paid for doing less.Here are 10  of the best-paying and most perfect jobs for lazy people- or those who just have different inclinations in the â€Å"work† force.1. Bed/Amenities TesterYou too can get paid over a thousand dollars a month to examine and test amenities at hotels. See if the beds and pillows are comfy and the shampoos are luxurious enough- and collect a paycheck.2. Food TasterYou can actually make a decent salary by being a beer (or chocolate, or ice cream) tester. Seriously.3. Secret ShopperYou could work part-time at this, getting paid only in the services you test through your spying. But this line of work can also parlay into a real, well-paid, full-time career.4. TranslatorIf you speak another language (or just read) fluently, you can make over $100k a year translating from the comfort of your own home.5. Test SubjectThere are always medical students or laboratories needing test subjects for clinical trials. You might have to take experimental drugs or participate in suffer the occasional side effect, but you can make about $3k a month with almost no work. There are also sleep studies out there†¦ so, you know, you could get paid for sleeping.6. TutorIf you have a special kind of knowledge or a skill that can be easily transferred and might be in demand, put yourself on the market to tutor. You’ll make even more if you can tutor standardized tests to school students. You can be paid up to $50 per hour, depending on the subject. Even more flexible and requiring less education than actual teaching!7. MimeHey, to each her own. You don’t even need to speak for this job. If you have a rubber face and a bit of performance talent, then you can stand on street corners acting things out and rack up the cash.8. Video GamerLove to play video games? You can actually get paid- a handsome $50k per year- to try out new video games before they hit the market, looking for errors or inconsistencies to help the programmers work out all the kinks.9. BloggerIf you have something to say and an audience to say it to, you can make fairly good money on the internet these days. Work in your pajamas from your own laptop. Hate writing? Consider a video blog or podcast. Do well enough and you can even turn your platform into a business one day through advertising and sponsored posts.10. Dog WalkerIt seems silly, wandering around in parks with strangers’ dogs while everybody else is â€Å"at work,† but you could make up to $50 per hour walking dogs. It’s a physical job, but does let you be outdoors and gets you out of the rat race. Plus, you get to play with dogs!Remember to think outside the box and figure out how you can turn things you already like doing into a job that will pay your bills. Different strokes!

Offer and acceptance in english contract law Essay

Offer and acceptance in english contract law - Essay Example The agreement is one of the fundamental elements of a valid contract. It depicts the coming to terms of the parties to the contract through consensus over terms of a contract. The agreement is a product of existence of offer and acceptance. An offer is a promise made by one party to another in which the promisor intends to be bound by terms of his promise. Some of the elements of an offer include the intention to be bound by the offer if it is accepted, and the existence of terms that creates rights and liabilities in the event of acceptance. Acceptance on the other hand, refers to the promisee’s intent to be bound by the promisor’s terms of offer. Once an offer is accepted, an agreement is deemed to have existed between the parties forming ground for a contract. The offer and acceptance are however subject to a number of principles ... An advertisement is for example a presentation of information over the subject matter and only acts as an invitation to a customer to make an offer. In the case of Partridge v Crittenden (1968), the court held that an advertisement that indicated the price of goods in a vendor’s shop does not amount to an offer. Similarly, exhibition of goods for display does not amount to an offer. The owner of the goods is therefore not bound by the information displayed in an exhibition, as an offer for the good has not yet been made. Such was the ratio decidendi in the case of Pharmaceutical society of Great Britain v Boots cash chemists (1953). The defendant was accused of offering to sell commodities to the public contrary to prescriptions by regulatory bodies. It was held that the display of drugs on the shelf does not amount to an offer (Rush and Ottley, 2006, 47). Similarly, response to question for provision of information does not amount to an offer. This was held in the case of Har vey v Facey (1893) in which a defendant’s statement of the lowest price that could be accepted for sale of a piece of land was considered not to amount to an offer (Rush and Ottley, 2006, 48). The doctrine of invitation to treat is however exempted in some cases under which an advertisement can constitute an offer. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd (1893), it was held that the defendant’s advertisement amounted to an offer. The defendant stated in its advertisement that a reward would be offered to any person who contracted influenza after using its medicine as prescribed. The advertisement further indicated that money had been deposited for the rewards. The court, in its judgement, held