Free Essays on Rap

Rap Music; It s sway on society since it s birth. The Merriam Webster Dictionary characterizes rap as a cadenced reciting of regular rhymed couplets to a melodic backup. The motivation behind this paper is to demonstrate how rap music has become. Likewise, refering to the numerous entertainers who have distraught this type of music what it is today. Rap is an enormous piece of our general public and its advancement is confirmation that this individual style of music will be around for quite a while. Rap music as a melodic structure started among the young people of South Bronx, New York in the mid 1970 s. People such Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash were a portion of the early pioneers of this work of art. Through their exhibitions at clubs and advancement of the music, rap reliably picked up in ubiquity all through the remainder of the 1970 s. The principal business accomplishment of the rap tune Rapper's Delight by the Sugar Hill Gang in 1979 brought rap music into the national spot light. The 1980 s saw the proceeded with achievement of rap music with numerous specialists, for example, Run DMC (who had the principal rap collection to go gold in 1984), L.L. Cool J, Fat Boys, and west coast rappers Ice-T and N.W.A getting well known. Today, in the late 1990 s rap music keeps on being a conspicuous and significant part of African-American culture. Rap music was a route for young people in dark downtown neighborhoods to communicate what they were feeling, seeing, and living and it turned into a type of diversion. Spending time with companions and rapping or tuning in to others rap kept dark young people in the clear in the risky neighborhoods in which they lived. The prevailing society didn't have a sort of music that filled the necessities of these adolescent, so they made their own. In this way, rap music initially rose as a way for [black] downtown youth to communicate their regular day to day existence and battles (Shaomari, 1995, 17). Rap is presently observe d as a subculture that, incorporates countless center to upper white class adolescents, has developed to help and acknowledge rap music. Mama... Free Essays on Rap Free Essays on Rap Rap Music; It s sway on society since it s birth. The Merriam Webster Dictionary characterizes rap as a cadenced reciting of common rhymed couplets to a melodic backup. The reason for this paper is to demonstrate how rap music has become. Likewise, refering to the numerous entertainers who have distraught this type of music what it is today. Rap is a huge piece of our general public and its development is confirmation that this individual style of music will be around for quite a while. Rap music as a melodic structure started among the young people of South Bronx, New York in the mid 1970 s. People such Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash were a portion of the early pioneers of this fine art. Through their exhibitions at clubs and advancement of the music, rap reliably picked up in notoriety all through the remainder of the 1970 s. The primary business achievement of the rap tune Rapper's Delight by the Sugar Hill Gang in 1979 brought rap music into the national spotlight. The 1980 s sa w the proceeded with accomplishment of rap music with numerous specialists, for example, Run DMC (who had the primary rap collection to go gold in 1984), L.L. Cool J, Fat Boys, and west coast rappers Ice-T and N.W.A getting well known. Today, in the late 1990 s rap music keeps on being a noticeable and significant part of African-American culture. Rap music was a route for young people in dark downtown neighborhoods to communicate what they were feeling, seeing, and living and it turned into a type of amusement. Spending time with companions and rapping or tuning in to others rap kept dark young people in the clear in the hazardous neighborhoods in which they lived. The predominant culture didn't have a sort of music that filled the necessities of these young, so they made their own. Along these lines, rap music initially developed as a way for [black] downtown youth to communicate their regular daily existence and battles (Shaomari, 1995, 17). Rap is currently observed as a subcult ure that, incorporates countless center to upper white class adolescents, has developed to help and acknowledge rap music. Mama...

The Sudetenland Essay Research Paper History The free essay sample

The Sudetenland Essay, Research Paper History The SudetenlandOn January 30, 1933, the Nazis gained order of Germany when AdolfHitler was named Chancellor of the Exchequer. That flushing Hitler stood triumphantlyin the window of the Reich Chancellery coaxing to 1000s of stormtroopers who arranged motorcades all through the boulevards of Berlin. The Nazisproclaimed that their Third Reich would be the best civilisation inhistory and would keep going for 1000s of mature ages. In any case, the meteorologic ascent ofHitler and national communism was trailed by an about each piece rapiddefeat ; the Third Reich made due for an insignificant 12 mature ages. Yet, one of themain reasons for World War II was Hitler s open defense for thedismemberment of the Czech region through either war or political arrangements was theplight of the 3.5 million social Germans the Treaty of Versailles hadleft inside Czechoslovakia. The main land that Hitler needed to add toGermany was that of the Sudetenland, where the greater part of the individua ls livingthere were of German start. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Sudetenland Essay Research Paper History The or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The land other than flanked Germany toward the SouthEast, and Germany was set up to smother this land at all expense. # 8220 ; And now before us stands the last occupation that must be fathomed and willbe understood It ( the Sudetenland ) is the last regional case which Ihave to do in Europe, yet it is the case from which I will notrecede # 8221 ; # 8211 ; Adolf Hitler, in a location in Berlin, September 26 1938, justprior to the Munich gathering. The majority of the German minorities live in Sudetenland, an economicallyvaluable and deliberately of import nation along the Czech limit line withGermany and Austria. The feelings of spite of the Sudeten Germans against theCzech area had prompted the ascent of a solid German loyalist movementin the Sudetenland. By the mid - 1930 s, this movement had the help ofalmost 70 for every centum of the Sudeten German populace. Their pioneer, thepro-Nazi Konrad Heinlen, started requesting freedom for this part Boththe existent and thought up occupa tions of the Sudeten Germans included credibilityto Hitler s charge that they were precluded the privilege from securing self-determinationand lived as a loaded minority, which he was committed to help Inthe spring of 1938, Heinlein was guided by Hitler to do requests thatthe Czechs could non acknowledge, subsequently giving Germany a ground tointervene. The Czech situation quickly transformed into a universal crisisthat ruled the European scene for the rest of that current year.The weekend which started on Friday, May 20, 1938, formed into acritical one and would in this way be recognized as the # 8220 ; May emergency. # 8221 ; Duringthe coming about 48 hours, the Governments in London, Paris, Pragueand Moscow were terrified into the conviction that Europe stood closer towar than it had at any clasp since the mid year of 1914. This may hold beenlargely because of the likelihood that new projects for a German invasion onCzechoslovakia called # 8220 ; Case Green # 8221 ; which were d rawn up for him, gotleaked out. Hitler had started to fix an attack on the Sudetenland. The imprint day of the month was the start of October. He was set up to employan ground powers of 96 divisions. The Czechoslovak Government, aware ofHitler s purposes yet uncertain when the blow would fall, requested apartial activation on May 21. Hitler was shocked, elucidating to hisgenerals that he had offered no threat and was being dealt with withcontempt. He had been embarrassed, and no 1 yet mortified him withimpunity. His anger against Czechoslovakia expanded, and on May 30 heissued a mystery mandate to his high offer: # 8220 ; It is my unalterabledecision to nail Czechoslovakia by military activity in the nearby future. # 8221 ; All through the late spring Britain, France and the Soviet Union were awarethat Hitler wanted to strike at the Sudetenland and perhaps the wholeof Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovaks had a five star intelligencesystem with Germany and knew from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours what Hitler was be aftering. Germany other than had a top notch insight framework, and in add-on ithad in Konrad Henlein, the National Socialist pioneer in the Sudetenland, a grown-up male who might stop at nil to deliver a disobedience or a demonstration ofdeliberate irritation against the Czechoslovak Government. The Germannewspapers were loaded up with narratives of mass misgivings of guiltless work powers andwomen in the Sudetenland, and there were the unavoidable circumstantialstories # 8220 ; by our reporter. # 8221 ; Nonexistent individuals in nonexistentvillages were being butchered. The Czechoslovak Government attemptedto discredit a portion of these accounts however surrendered in edginess. Hitler requested amassive purposeful publicity assault against Czechoslovakia to fix the Germanpeople for the October invasion.On September twelfth at Nuremberg, Hitler went as halting point to pronouncing waragainst Czechoslovakia as conceivable without truly buying in the request tohis troops to advance into foe locale. He shouted out that theCzechoslovak Government was using the entirety of its offices conceivable toannihilate the 3.5 million Sudeten Germans. He guaranteed that these peoplewere being denied of their privileges, for representation, they were notpermitted to sing German vocals or to have on white stockings. On the off chance that indeedthey proceeded with any of these offenses they were violently struckdown. In spite of the fact that the tone was wildly venemous, he gave no examplesof atrociousnesss, conceivably in light of the fact that there were none. # 8220 ; The wretchedness of theSudeten Germans is without terminal, # 8221 ; he pronounced. He so went on to promisethat Germany would take consideration of her ain and put a terminal to the continuedoppression of 3.5 million Germans. # 8220 ; I trust that the outside statesmanwill be persuaded that these are non simple words, # 8221 ; he included ominously.This unimaginable a nnouncement made all of Europe scramble andmobilize its few ground forcess. Hitler was demandi ng the directannexation of the Sudetenland by the Reich, proposing that if fundamental, he would fall back to war. The Prime Minister of Britain, Neville Chamberlain was unconventionally upset by the examinations coming out ofGermany. Feeling that expedient activity was vital, he sent off aseven-line wire to Hitler: Having appreciation to the continuously basic situation, I propose to visityou right away so as to do a push to happen a tranquil arrangement. I come to you via air and am all set forward tomorrow. It would be ideal if you educate me ofthe most punctual clasp you can have me, and state me the topographic purpose of meeting. I ought to be appreciative for an extremely early reply.Neville Chamberlain Hitler acknowledged Chamberlain and following a full yearss arrangements withHitler, a canine tired Chamberlain flew back to London to deliberate with hiscolleagues. Over the accompanying hebdomad, Chamberlain met a lot more occasions withHitler. Be that as it may, there was as yet a difference over the specific day of the month whenthe exhausting would get down. On September 29th, 1938 the MunichConference was held. It was gone to by delegates of France, Italy, Germany and Britain. During the class of this meeting a pactwas drawn up and marked by all the agents of the respectivecountries. Mystery Reich Affairs Agreement came to between Germany the United Kingdom France and Italy, in Munich on 29 September 1938Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy, taking into considerationthe understanding, which has just been reached in rule for thecession to Germany of the Sudeten German area, have conceded to thefollowing footings and conditions managing the said surrendering and themeasures specialist consequently, and by this understanding they every holdthemselves liable for the stairss important to acquire itsfulfillment: - 1. The purging will get down on the first October. 2. The United Kingdom, France and Italy concur that the discharging ofthe locale will be finished by October tenth, with no existinginstallations holding been obliterated and that the Czechoslovak Governmentwill be considered liable for shipping out the purging without damageto the said installings. 7. There will be the privilege of alternative into and out of the transferredterritories, the choice to be practiced inside a half year from the dateof this comprehension. A German-Czechoslovak board will discover thedetails of the alternative, see methods of facilitating the transportation ofpopulation and settle requests of rule starting out of the saidtransfer. 8.The Czechoslovak Government will inside a time of 4 weeksfrom the day of the long stretch of this understanding discharge from theirmilitary and police powers any Sudeten Germans who may wish to bereleased, and the Czechoslovak Government will inside the equivalent periodrelease Sudeten German prisoners who are working footings of imprisonmentfor political impudences. Munich, September 29, 1938 ADOLF HITLERED. DALADIER MUSSOLINI NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN The day of the month set in the arrangement for the start of Czechoslovakianevacuation of the region was Octobe r first 1938, and German occupationof four indicated regions was to take topographic point in sequential stagesbetween October 1 and 7. Additional locale of prevalently Germanpopulation were to be determined by a worldwide board composedof delegates from France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy andCzechoslovakia, and those regions were to be involved by Germany byOctober tenth. The universal advisory group was other than to discover andoccupy nations in which plebiscites were to be held and fix a day of the month forsuch plebiscites no in this manner than the terminal of November. The plebiscites, all things considered, were neer held. It was other than concurred that if the cases ofHungarian and Polish minorities in Czechoslovakia w

How to Punctuate Quotes in Essay

How to Punctuate Quotes in Essay When you are writing an essay, its very important to support arguments with good evidence. Quotations can be an effective thing, and if you use them in your work properly, its possible to create a successful and bright paper. Needless to say that your essay must be written in accordance with certain rules. If you are going to include some quotations into your work, you have to know all rules about punctuation. In this article, we are going to tell you how to punctuate quotations in an essay. Keep reading and find the main rules of punctuation weve gathered for you here. What are marks for quotes? While you are making an essay, you may need to put some persons words in it. Special marks are used to put such phrases correctly in the paper. They help to mark other persons words you use from sources. You should remember that marks have to be used in pairs always. There are some differences in using such marks. For example, in the USA, they use single marks if include some quoted words within another quote. People in Great Britain have different rules about single-quote marks and double-quote marks. But in general, all quotes should be marked in your essay according to the requirements. Thats why its an important moment to clarify with your professor or teacher when you are going to create a paper with some quotations included. Rules how to use quotes in an essay correctly There are some certain rules when you need to put quotation marks in your paper. Follow the next rules when youre making an essay: In general, we need quotation marks to mark direct quotes, words, or titles. Marks shouldnt be put when youre using block quotations. When you quote an entire sentence, the text should be capitalized, but you shouldnt do it when you need to put just a fragment. Punctuating quotations in essays can be varied for different cases. Single marks must be used for quotes within quotes. Direct quotations should be introduced and interrupted with commas. If your quotation goes before words “she said”, “he reported”, “they asked”, you should put the comma after the quote. If a quotation is used as an object or subject, it doesnt need a comma. You must mark technical terms, words put in any unusual way, or other non-standard expressions. If a quoted material is more than one paragraph, you need to open a new paragraph with a mark, and to use closing quotation mark only when the passage is ended. How to correctly write a quote in an essay: direct and indirect quotes If you need to use someones word in your essay, it is possible to do with quotation marks. There are two ways how to do it. For example, lets say you need to put into your paper a phrase that your friend said: Arthur said, “Its better to fulfill my homework on math for tomorrow before I go to the party”. But, from the other side, it is possible to make the same sentence without quotation marks: Arthur said that hed like to fulfill his homework on math for tomorrow before he goes to the party. The first sentence is an example of the direct quote, where you just put Arthurs words into your essay. The second example is an indirect quote where you just paraphrase Arthurs saying. Remember that you must mark only direct quotes. Rules how to punctuate quotes in an essay You have to remember these simple rules to punctuate quotations in the paper properly: The beginning quotation mark should be inserted right before the quoted phrase (without spaces), and the end of mark must be inserted after the last word of the quote, without spaces. You have to place the period right after the citation. Never use a semicolon to introduce a quotation; keep in your mind you must use only comma and colon for this. How to introduce quotations in an essay Its quite understandable that you cannot just integrate a quote standing alone into your essay. There are four ways how to correctly put a quote in an essay: Write a complete sentence related to the quote and put a colon. Example: Colin R. Davis said about the success: “The road to success and the road to failure are almost exactly the same.” Write an explanatory phrase and put a comma to separate it from the quotation. Example: According to Jim Rohns words, “Successful people do what unsuccessful people are not willing to do.” Integrate a quotation into your own sentence without any punctuation between your sentence and quote. Example: Michael John Bobak insists that “All progress takes place outside the comfort zone”. Use just a few words of quotation as an integrated part of your own sentence. Example: Thomas J. Watson detects his formula of success by his famous words “go ahead and make mistakes”. Verbs and phrases used to introduce quotations All words that introduce quotes, can be divided into three categories: Neutral verbs that usually mean “says”. Example: the author comments, reports, states, shows, notes â€" these are neutral verbs that go before the quote. Strong verbs that usually shows an argument, and the quote after this word can disagree or support the one side of the argument. These are words: the author argues, compares, rejects, claims, denies, etc. Inference verbs that indicate an argument and a quote shows support or disagreement. Example: The author thinks, suggests, implies. So, now you know everything about how to put a quote in an essay correctly. We hope this article was helpful, and you will create a successful paper with proper quotation marks. Remember that its important to make an interesting and bright work, but its also important to follow all rules about punctuation.

Top Two Marketing Agency The First Marcom Agency

After graduated, I came back my home country to work for Venus Communications – the first Marcom Agency in Vietnam with history of over seventeenth years with core services of Public Relations (PR) and Activations. It is a member of Publicis Groupe, a global company with revenue of $1.106M USD. They have the strongest network across all above the line (ATL) and below the line (BLT) activities globally and in Vietnam. Ranked in the top two marketing agency in the world. I was proud and at the same time felt high pressure while being recruited in the company. As the leading in PR and Marketing agency in Vietnam, Venus has built a numerous of international clients and brands with high reputation. Venus head office based in Ho Chi Minh City†¦show more content†¦In summary, my job were to truly understand the insights of different target consumers and to create the relevancy between them and the brands. I was intensively trained for 4 months and began to work directly with both internal and external clients for a year. The experience was over exceed my expectation, it’s great! Company’s Position and Ability to Compete on Analytics Venus Communications is an analytical practitioner. The company is working to become more data driven. Back to the time I worked in the company, the admin department was looking to recruit the most talented market research analytics. The human talent execution team set a high standard to the position. The right candidate should have an excellent in wrangling data from multiple sources to create integrated views that can be used to drive decision-making; also had to become a next generation leader on research analytics. That’s meant more strategic in the application of analytics to place higher value on data to help company’s processing and customer relationship improvement in basic day. On the other hand, the exceptional candidates who are great with marketing knowledge also got hired to company and had to get through training with tests for two months. If they pass, they can work at the company. Whenever

My Emerging Behavioral Therapy Theory - 1711 Words

My emerging theory employed aspects of therapy from the humanism, existentialism, dialectical behavior, and when necessary exposure therapy. These theories have represented me as a person. As I have presented them here, they through the lens of each other, they work to form one integrative approach. As Rogerian humanism has laid the foundation for ways of being, this theory also incorporated Dr. Marsha Linehan’s structure of dialectical behavioral therapy’s and goals expressed by Yalom in existentialism with specific practices in Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy. I intend to present specific elements theory that I have used as well as their limitations, and present them working together. PAST EXPERIENCE AT WORK At a young age, a series of†¦show more content†¦(Gutberlet, 1985). EXISTENTIAL Existential therapy would focus on each person as a unique individual as well as their decisions that have shaped their lives. Responsibility would be patient to would take responsibility for their decisions to create the present and future they desired. The existentialists’ is more attentive to internal details that will help the client to find philosophical meaning despite bouts of anxiety, opt to reason and act genuinely and mindfully despite life’s four guarantees, or â€Å"givens† of freedom (of choice), isolation, meaninglessness and, ultimately death. (Yalom, 1980). Only through authentic living, free will, and accepting responsibility will humanity be able to draw motivation from these existential conditions. Assuming the belief that peoples problems come not exercising to the full extent one’s judgment or free will--or well enough--to forge meaning in their lives and that each of us has the responsibility for making meaning out of life. Outside f orces, however, may underwrite the individuals limited ability to exercise choice and live a meaningful life. Necessary to logotherapy practice is the aptitude is to use our moral imagination and creativity to imagine and unearth meaning in our lives, thereupon we able to make decisions. The architect or logotherapy, logos a Greek word equivalent with meaning, was a practicing psychiatrist before he was a captive at a NaziShow MoreRelatedThe Mental Health Program For Messiah1727 Words   |  7 Pagesthat live in an imperfect world with little control over unexpected events in our lives. Unexpected deaths, war, terrorists attacks, and fatal illnesses, all strike without warning. After working in the mental health field for several years, part of my job as an intensive case manager is facilitating crisis assessments on individuals who present in the emergency room (ER) and endorse suicidal ideation. Virtually all people who I have assessed and are genuinely suicidal with high risk mainly reportRead MorePsychodynamic Approach On Human Nature1108 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach the matter. Recently, I completed a Determine your Theoretical Approach inventory. During this inventory, I was asked multiple questions that would determine my approach with dealing with human nature. There are four categories of theoretical approaches for counseling. The four categories are: psychodynamic, cognitive- behavioral, existential- humanistic, and postmodern approach. â€Å"Psychodynamic approach sees human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the personRead MoreThere Were Several Reasons For Conducting This Needs Assessment.1228 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment for preschoolers. There is limited evidence based research about the effectiveness of MSE on preschoolers. Thus, the implementation of a sensory basket would provide us with information about how sensory rich environments affect transitional, behavioral, and social skills in preschoolers. Another reason for this needs assessment was to address the specific needs of Smart Cookies. The teacher mentioned that there were several sensory ideas that she wanted to implement in the classroom but, sheRead MoreCounseling Goals And Interventions : Child Parent Therapy1154 Words   |  5 PagesPsychotherapy (Ippen, 2011). This type of therapy occurs with the child and the primary caregiver, with the therapeutic goal of teaching the parent how to provide safe and appropriate caregiving (Ippen, 2011). A study was done to show the effectiveness of CPP. â€Å"Children treated with CPP show higher resilience than the control groups as measured by secure attachment, better performance in cognitive tests, fewer symptoms of traumatic stress and behavioral problems, and reduced prevalence of PTSD† (IppenRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1823 Words   |  8 Pages THEORIES LEARNED 5 My evaluation of the approach is agreeable with the process that has been created by Adlerian and used for many years. It seems to be a very friendly client approach. 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These theories will be critiqued basedRead MoreA Personal Theory of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Counseling Essay2719 Words   |  11 PagesRunning head: A PERSONAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE- 1 A Personal Theory of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Counseling Mary L. Terry Student ID #: 22185762 Liberty University Abstract A counselor’s job is to journey along with their client and to provide insight and support to those who are at risk and those who are hurting and searching for comfort and acceptance. If the counselor is a Christian they will also want to share our Heavenly Father’s love with the counselee and help guide themRead MoreEvaluation Of The Wicomico County Health Department Behavioral Health Program1710 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Department Behavioral Health Program is an Outpatient Mental Health Program that provides/serve the mental health needs of adults, children, adolescents, and their families. The services offered are the following including; psychiatric evaluation, medication evaluation and monitoring, strength based needs assessment, individual, family, and group counselling/therapy, school based services, as well as trauma therapy. As an intern, my role at the agency includes; providing behavioral support throughRead MoreIntervention Implementation Of The Consumer Needs1039 Words   |  5 Pagesfurther exploration of symptoms and experiences will effect treatment outcome. Items for treatment process In my initial assessment of Mr. Peter expressed experiencing stomachaches and headaches. In addition, he shared not been sleeping well for the past three months. Evaluating these concerns minimal treatment will be applied until further exploration of concerns can be conducted. My recommend for the treatment process is first to review medical records if available. Moreover, to research a possibleRead More Comparing Adlerian Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution Focused Brief Therapy3619 Words   |  15 PagesIt is my goal to become a school counselor in a local high school. As a school counselor, it is also important to try and understand the different experiences that children go through in order to get through to them. After studying the different counseling theories, I have discovered that each theory is valid and there are ideas and techniques that I would use out of each of them. However, there are some theories more than others that I would use to guide me daily as a school counselor. Modern day

Price Analysis in Various Situations Free Essays

Price analysis is a price comparison of a proposed price without analyzing any of the separate cost of elements that it’s composed of. With any purchase some type of cost analysis is completed in order to receive the best price possible. This paper will discuss which method for performing price analysis is best in the widest variety of situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Analysis in Various Situations or any similar topic only for you Order Now The policy of the government is to contract for its products and services at fair and reasonable prices. With that, many factors are taken into account when determining fair and reasonable prices and how the government determines fair and reasonable pricing. There are five means identified to determine fair and reasonable pricing: competitive offers, established catalog prices, established market prices, established by law and regulation, and cost based prices. Fair and reasonable price is what the government is willing to pay for products and services in competitive market conditions given reasonable knowledge of the marketplace. When the government acquires various products and services it must forecast the products and services in its budget and be able to convince the reviewing authorities the the forecast is reasonable. When forecasting the likely price of acquisition evaluation of bids, proposals, and quotations has to be completed. Then, the bidder or offeror for the reward must be selected and then the preparation for price discussion in negotiation. Given the opportunity to use any method of price analysis for the duration of my career, I would choose comparison of competitive bids. With this method three or more suppliers for the price of the same product are selected in order to determine if a particular price is reasonable. However, it’s not the best idea to go solely on the lowest bid without knowing full details into how that figure came about. Cheaper is not always the best value. Instead of comparing the lowest price, compare the total cost of acquisition. This includes variable cost, fixed cost, and semi-variable cost. When all these items are discussed a fair and reasonable price is at hand. If taking the lowest price is the key then there would be no value if what is purchased is unknown. In all, Price analysis is a price comparison of a proposed price without analyzing any of the separate cost of elements that it’s composed. Given the opportunity to choose the method of price analysis, I would choose comparison of competitive bids because it allows multiple offers to be compared and other factors of discussion in negotiaton of priceing. How to cite Price Analysis in Various Situations, Papers

Potential and Opportunity Foreign Direct Investment

Question: Discuss about the Potential and Opportunity for Foreign Direct Investment. Answer: Introduction: According to the International Monetary Fund, India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Similarly, an economic survey between 2015 and 2016 suggests that its growth will continue at beyond 7 percent in the preceding 2016-2017 financial year regardless of the uncertainties in the global market (Overview 2016). Additionally, India has been ranked as the nation with the highest consumer confidence globally. Primarily, the improvement in the countrys economic performance is attributed to the combined effort of strong government reforms, benign global commodity prices, and RBIs inflation focus. Since its independence, the nation has brought about a landmark of the agricultural development that has significantly transformed the nation from over reliance on imports to a net exporter. As a result, the life expectancy in the country has doubled. Similarly, the literacy levels have improved and increased tremendously. Health conditions have also improved. Over time, a significant middle class has developed in the country. Today, India is home to internationally recognized companies in sectors such as the pharmaceuticals, information and space technologies and even the steel industry (India Economic Review 2016). Additionally, the country is developing a voice on the international stage. There are also many foreign companies that have moved their operations to India. This is attributed to the numerous initiatives in the country such as the Digital India and the Make in India Initiative. The Make in India program formed with the goal of improving the manufacturing sector of the Indian economy. Over time, the program is expected to enhance the purchasing power of the average consumer. In turn, this would enhance demand and lead to economic growth. Likewise, the Digital India initiative emphasizes on the establishment of digital infrastructure, increase digital literacy and deliver services digitally. Furthermore, the Indian government has created various plans for the resolution and reforms of the pending tax disputes. In turn, this has created a platform to reform tax problems and encourage investors to invest in the country. It is noteworthy that the government has completed the double taxation avoidance agreement negotiations with the Government of Cyprus (India Country Profile 2016). The aftermath of these negotiations is expected to enhance greater development in business and economic relationships among the two nations. The Union cabinet has sanctioned the launching of a Funds for Funds Startup that would extend financial support to startups to boost private enterprise in India. Additionally, the Indian government has marked sustainability as a key objective in the development of India. In order to achieve this, the government has instigated initiatives to encourage skill development, education, entrepreneurship and digital connectivity in a sustainable manner. Further, the Indian government intends to build new railway links with countries such as Nepal. In the long run, such links will boost the nations economic ties with neighboring countries and promote prosperity, sustained growth, and employment in the region. The Political Economy of India The political economy of India gradually transformed with the liberalization of its economy during the 1990s (Bideleux 2013). However, before liberalization, the countrys development was based on the socialist-inspired policies that were prominent after independence. At the time, the economy was characterized by state ownership of various sectors, red tape, and strict regulations. Today, the country has transformed into a market-based system. The system now focuses on public sector reforms, the removal of labor regulations, agricultural advancements, rural development and national reforms. The Indian political economy also includes reforms for the construction of a network of highways. The liberalization of the economy of India was instigated in the 1980S by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. In 1991, the IMF denied India funding due to its inability to repay its loans. As a result, the prime minister came up with new reforms to encourage growth in the country. The new reforms opened the path for easier international trade, privatization of industries, foreign investments, and deregulation policies. In addition, inflation control measure and tax reforms were created. Since then, liberalization in India has remained the same regardless of the party that heads the government. It is, however, noteworthy that no reforms have been made to the labor laws or the reduction of agricultural subsidies. India is among the largest democracies and is governed by a federal government administration. The political environment is mainly influenced by aspects such as government policies, politicians interests, and the ideologies of several political parties. In this regard, the business environment is affected by many political factors. Its taxation system is imposed governed by the Union Government. The main form of taxes includes service tax, sales tax, and income tax. The local authorities govern and control the collection of taxes such as sales tax and octroi. Privatization is also a component of the political environment, but the government emphasizes on free trade through various programs. Socio-cultural factors in India The general agreement among experts is that the socio-cultural impact on the general behavior and nature of the people of India is significant (Shivani, Mukherjee Sharan 2006). The country has an incessant history that is greater than 3000 years with strong historical and cultural roots. Religion is a crucial and vital part of the Indian culture. Therefore, businessmen must respect religion in order to conduct business in this country successfully. The idea of Karma remains significant in business decision making and has great influence on the peoples perception of time. For this reason, negotiations are done carefully and may take longer than those in other countries. In addition, Indians are more receptive to the idea of hierarchy and power distance that may prevail among a group of people. Business interactions are often indirect, and participants strive to maintain peace. The Indians appreciate punctuality. Often, business appointments are organized for an early afternoon or late morning. During negotiations, deadlines are not rushed, and impatience is regarded as disrespectful and aggressive. Normally, business meeting begins with friendly small talk that may include personal questions (Venkatesh 1994). This is usually the case to build trust and understanding before embarking on serious business. Typically, disagreements during business meetings are not expressed directly. Instead, non-verbal cues and other forms of indirect communication are employed. Technological Influences in India Indias technological background is a major driving force in the achievements of the country. The government of India has installed a strategic plan whose primacy is the expansion of research and development in Indian universities. In turn, this creates great prospects in the scientific fields of study. As at 2013, India was the last among the BRIC countries with a gross expenditure of less than 1 percent in the field of research and development. However, the low costs and strong support for RD through progressive legislation has made India a great place for the investment of RD. A study analyzing the exports of technology in developing nations ranked India as the most profound and diverse with regards to capability and basic design of products. By and large, India has the capability to offer the operating knowledge to set up and operate industries. It can also provide the design and manufacture of the plant and equipment designed according to the specifications of the client. As such, India possesses both the know-how and know-whys of technological innovations. The nation's achievement are viewed as great due to the fact that India seems to have the least dependence on foreign technology (Mallampally Saunavent 1999). India is also has 3G and 4G connectivity. It is this form of technology that has facilitated technological projects in the country. Besides, the nation has one of the strongest Information Technology (IT) sectors in the world. Consequently, this ensures that there are continual IT development, technological improvements, and software upgrades within the nation. Additionally, the intensive national transportation system act as a significant factor in boosting trade in the country. Recently, India attempted to launch their satellites into space. Natural Resources and Factor Endowments that Create Competitive Advantage Today, India remains as one of the fastest emerging economic power having a great endowment of both the natural and human resources. The main factor endowments that have contributed to the countrys economic growth include the natural resources, human resources, capital formation and technology. The human resources in India comprise of the labor supply, education, and motivation among the skilled and unskilled labor force. On the other hand, natural resources in India includes factors such as land, minerals, environmental quality and fuels. Capital formation refers to the availability of roads, machines and factories in the country for production purposes. Lastly, technological endowments refer to factors such as science, engineering, entrepreneurship and management factors (Resources in India 2016). It is noteworthy that India contains a multitude of resources and its economy is heavily dependent on their export and consumption. Land that can be cultivated is approximated as being about 56.78 percent of Indias total land mass (Resources in India 2016). In addition, the nation is endowed with the fourth largest coal reserve in the world. It also has iron ore, zinc, manganese ore, diamonds, natural gas, and chromite. Indias oil reserve in Bombay High and in eastern Assam provide and meets 25 percent of the domestic demand (Resources in India 2016). In addition to the minerals, the nation is endowed with great forest products. It is the possession of these factors of production that allow the country to produce goods and services for local consumption and export at a low cost (India 2016). This, in turn, gives the country competitive advantage against other countries that lack resources. Foreign Currency and Exchange Influences Transactions of foreign exchange in India are more relaxed with the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA). The Act was set into operation in June 2000 (Patel et al. 2014). Today, foreign exchange dealers in India have the power and mandate to make all forms of transfers in foreign exchange with respect to the prevailing rules. Initial, the requirements necessitated that exchange dealer to seek permission from the Reserve Bank of India have been eliminated for a majority of the foreign exchange transactions. Furthermore, the exchange bureaus and authorized foreign exchange dealers can buy from and sell to public foreign currency coins and notes at the prevailing rates of exchange as determined by the market conditions (Chand 2016). Similarly, exchanges of foreign currency between authorized dealers and money changers are also done at the rates determined by market conditions (Chand 2016). The rate of exchange is determined by various factors in the market. Inflation rates, the prevailing interest rates, the countrys balance of payments and government debt may decrease or increase the value of the Indian rupee against other nations currencies. Similarly, economic recessions, speculation, and political stability may influence the exchange rate. Policies, Incentives, and Barriers to FDI in India FDI has become a vital source of private external finance for most developing nations. In India, there are various policies put in place with regard to FDIs in the country. The attitude towards inward FDI has changed over the past years, and India has liberalized its policies to entice the investments from foreign firms (Dadush 2013). The expectation is that FDI will lead to increased levels of employments, tax revenue, and even exports. As a result, India offers incentives to encourage foreign firms to invest within India (Framework 2016). The enticements include preferential loans to MNCs, grants, market preferences and infrastructure. For highly efficient firms, they are provided them with monopoly powers (Incentives 2016). Trade Barriers Regardless of the Incentives, there are trade barriers that may discourage FDI in India. Particularly, trade in India is characterized by many bureaucratic delays, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure. Also, the cultural differences between the foreign firms and the local people may pose a significant challenge for foreign investors. In addition, the nation has significant tariff barriers that may discourage FDI (Trade Barriers 2010). As such, tariffs vary from one sector to another. There are also non-tariff barriers that may hinder trade. Although tariff rates have reduced over time, they are still high compared to other countries. India is also characterized by extremely high levels of import duties of approximately 180 percent (Bimal 2014). There are also import restrictions and prohibitions on certain items of trade. Therefore, certification may be required before a foreign firm completely starts its operation in India (Bimal 2014). In addition, India is associated with exit barriers for firms and strict labor laws that may be very harsh for FDI. What is more, the poor quality infrastructure in the country and the limited scale of EPZs may make the country an unappealing investment destination for foreign direct investment (Bajpai Sachs 2000). Recommendations The economic conditions in India are promising and have prospects for improvement. To maintain this situation, the government has to focus on convincing foreign companies and private investors that are unlikely to consider any form of investment in the country that India is the best investment destination (Panagariya 2008). It should also nurture the already existing foreign investors in the country and plan to continue to build a positive working and operational environment for these firms. Most importantly, India should reconsider its trade barriers and purpose to remove the most stringent barriers that may discourage FDI in the country. This way, India will guarantee that the country will be a favorite destination for FDI. Today, India boasts a vibrant private and public sector of business that is continuously attracting foreign direct Investment. It is one of the fastest developing economies in the world. Forecasts show that its GDP is expected to continue growing due to better policy reforms, lower food prices, and increased investor confidence. India has been proactive in implementing programs and initiatives that encourage economic growth in the nation through trade agreements and alliances, infrastructural change, and incentives for FDI in the country. Consequently, numerous foreign companies are setting up their operations in the country. The standards of living have also improved, and a middle class of citizens has emerged. Even so, there are various barriers to trade in India that may pose significant barriers to FDI in India. As such, the country has stringent trade policies with regards to imports and imposes high tariffs and import duties on imports. There are also many restrictions and barriers to exit that may restrict foreign companies operations in India. Additionally, strict labor laws in India may act as a disincentive for foreign investors to move their production operations to the country. Apart from the barriers, there are government incentives set in place to encourage FDI. Incentives include grants, monopoly power, and even market preferences. Today, India stands out as an attractive destination for FDI with great prospects for growth and high profitability. References Bajpai, N., and Sachs, JD (2000). Foreign Direct Investment in India: Issues and Problems. [Online] Columbia University Libraries. Available from: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:123752 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. BBC News (2016), India country profile [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12557384 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Bideleux, R (2013), India's Political Economy: a Cultural Perspective. [Online] Academic Foresights. Available at: https://www.academic-foresights.com/Indias_Political_Economy.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Bimal, S (2014). Time to break down investment barriers between India and Pakistan. [Online] East Asia Forum. Available at: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/06/27/time-to-break-down-investment-barriers-between-india-and-pakistan/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Chand, V (2016). Foreign Currency Exchange - India. [Online] NRI Information. Available at: https://nriinformation.com/articles2/foreign_exchange.htm [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Dadush, U (2013). Incentives to Attract FDI. [Online] Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/05/01/global-agenda-council-on-global-trade-and-fdi/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Global Trade (2010). Trade Barriers in India. [Online] Available from: https://www.globaltrade.net/f/business/text/India/Trade-Policy-Trade-Barriers-in-India.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Global Trade (2010). Trade Barriers in India. [Online] Available from: https://www.globaltrade.net/f/business/text/India/Trade-Policy-Trade-Barriers-in-India.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. India Brand Equity Foundation (2016), India Economic Review [Online] Available at: https://www.ibef.org/economy/indian-economy-overview [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. India Net Zone (2016), Resources in India [Online] Available at: https://www.indianetzone.com/40/resources_india.htm [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Mallampally, P Sauvant, KP, 1999, Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, Finance and Development, vol. 36, no.1, pp 20. Available from International Monetary Fund [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (2016). Framework conditions and barriers. [Online] Available at: https://indien.um.dk/en/the-trade-council/india-as-a-market/framework-conditions-and-barriers/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. OECD (2016). Incentives for attracting foreign direct investment: An overview of OECD work. [Online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investmentstatisticsandanalysis/incentivesforattractingforeigndirectinvestmentanoverviewofoecdwork.htm [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Panagariya, A (2008). What India must do to modernize. [Online] VOX CEPRs Policy Portal. Available at: https://voxeu.org/article/why-india-lags-behind-china [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Patel, PJ, Patel NJ, Patel AR, 2014, Factors affecting Currency Exchange Rate, Economical Formulas and Prediction Models, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering and Management, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1-4. Shivani, S, Mukherjee, SK, Sharan, R, KP, 2006, Socio-cultural influences on Indian entrepreneurs: The need for appropriate structural interventions, Journal of Asian Economics, vol. 17, no.1, pp. 7-12. Available from Science Direct [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. The Economist (2016), India [Online] Available at: https://country.eiu.com/India [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. The World Bank (2016), Overview [Online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/overview [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Venkatesh, A (1994), India's Changing Consumer Economy: a Cultural Perspective. [Online] Association for Consumer Research. Available at: www.acrwebsite.org/default.aspx [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016].

Todd Anderson’s Growth Sample Essay Example For Students

Todd Anderson’s Growth Sample Essay â€Å"I wished to populate intentionally. to look merely the indispensable facts of life. and see if I could non larn what it had to learn. and non. when I came to decease. detect that I had non lived† ( Thoreau ) . After reading this. Todd Anderson. from the film The Dead Poets Society. realizes he does non desire to decease like this. Anderson arrives to an all-boys school. non cognizing that his whole manner of thought was about to alter. Before. he lived non for himself. but to delight his parents by trying to be like his successful brother. Populating like this made him quiet and witting of all of his actions. He has to believe moderately before making anything excessively self-generated. One would state this is the manner of a Rationalist mind. Throughout the category taught by an inventive instructor named Mr. Keating. Todd Anderson easy develops thoughts that become actions of a true Romantic. Although Todd Anderson begins as a Rationalist mind. his actions. which are inspired by Mr. Keating. proves that he transformed in to a latitudinarian Romantic. Worsening many invitations and taking to concentrate on assignments. Todd shows actions of a Rationalist. After category. Mr. Keating assigns prep due the following twenty-four hours. It’s a beautiful twenty-four hours out and many choose to disregard the deadline of the assignment to play outdoors. As Todd focuses to complete the assignment by himself. his friend. Neil Perry. invites him to fall in him outdoors. Anderson diminutions and explains that he needs to finish the prep. We will write a custom essay on Todd Anderson’s Growth Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The force per unit area of delighting his parents is forcing him to make his best in his instruction without any holding any distraction. He shows his privation to obtain cognition by utilizing concluding that he can non complete this prep if he goes out and dramas. Without mention to the external universe. Todd continues to analyze. Todd was much like a positivist mind. Rationalist thought can come in many state of affairss. In this instance. Todd urges Neil Perry to believe about his actions sanely. During a pupil interruption. Neil comes to Todd with a really aroused smiling on his face. He tells Todd that he is to play the chief lead of the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Todd replies with letdown. â€Å"how’re you traveling to make this? Your male parent will kill you! † ( Peter Weir ) . Thinking rationally. Todd urges Neil to make the right thing by moving harmonizing to his father’s orders. Todd’s thought is similar to the doctrine of a Ratio nalist. He believes that Neil should remain off from the self-generated and vernal universe of moving and happen himself on the steadfast foundations of his father’s direction merely like a positivist would desire to be in a confident place and way. Anderson’s attitude towards his friends shows how he begins school with a strong attack of being a Positivist. Todd Anderson’s beliefs are stiff. but after Mr. Keating’s lesson. Todd shows marks of a Romantic. During category. Mr. Keating calls Todd to portion his poesy. Slowly and untalkative Todd explains that he did non finish a verse form. Mr. Keating helps Todd by shuting his eyes and utilizing methods to promote him to declaim a verse form. Todd so recites a verse form from his bosom and from his psyche. His verse form releases emotions. Todd’s effusion was a mark of Romanticism. Just like Todd. a Romantic would â€Å"see poesy as the highest look of the imagination† ( Anderson 143 ) . This is merely the first mark of his transmutation in to going a entire Romantic. Ignoring all ground and following his intuition. Todd stands up against authorization and stands up for what he thinks is right. While Mr. Keating comes to recover his things after being fired. Todd ignores all ground. Not believing about the authorization that was in the room. Todd stands on his desk and cries triumphantly. â€Å"Oh Captain. my Captain! † ( Peter Weir ) . He admires his instructor and knows he needs to show it in the grandest manner possible. His action identifies him as a Romantic. .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .postImageUrl , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:hover , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:visited , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:active { border:0!important; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:active , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: diabetes EssayMerely like Todd. a Romantic â€Å"values experiencing and intuition over reason† ( Anderson 143 ) . Expressing his feelings by the most self-generated action. Todd Anderson is recognized as a latitudinarian Romantic. In the beginning of the school twelvemonth. Todd starts out a realist. believing that he didn’t have anything to lend. unsure of his thoughts. and unable to show his true ideas and emotions. He gives no notice of the outside universe and focuses to delight his parents. Following the inspirational advice that Mr. Keating gave to Todd. he grew in to a whole new individual. a Romantic whose thoughts and actions were worldly and infuse d with emotion. Get downing the school twelvemonth with no voice to lend. Todd grounds things exhaustively to do certain it would be categorized as delighting to his parents. Having no impulsiveness in his life. Mr. Keating introduces new thoughts really face-to-face from his. Todd easy grows into a self-generated Romantic. Plants Cited Anderson. Robert. â€Å"Characteristics of a Rationalist and Romantic. † Elementss of Literature. Ed. Bill Wahlgren et Al. Fifth Course. Austin: Holt. Reinhart. and Winston. 2008. 214. Print. Dead Poets Society. Dir. Peter Weir. Buena Vista Pictures. 1989. Film. Henry David Thoreau. Walden ( Oxford University Press: 1997 ) . 83.

How to Write a Research Paper in MLA format

How to Write a Research Paper in MLA format How to Write a Research Paper in MLA format Both the content and the form of a research paper matter. In case your assignment requires using a certain format, do not neglect specific rules for every formatting style. The most common formats for research papers include MLA, APA, Turabian, Chicago, and Harvard, and they are all unique. Let us examine the MLA format. MLA (Modern Language Association) is the formatting style most commonly used for research papers in the fields of humanities, linguistics, liberal and other arts. When writing a research paper in MLA format, you are to devote special attention to the page layout and bibliography. Non-compliance with format guidelines may spoil the entire impression of your paper, and lower your mark as well. To avoid this, you need to master MLA formatting rules. MLA formatting rules are narrowed down to the following aspects: Title Page – This is sometimes an optional component of an MLA formatted paper; however, in most cases the title page contains information about the research paper topic, your name, and the name of your scientific advisor/tutor. Page Header – This presupposes placing your last name and page numbers in the upper right hand corner of every page. General Document Settings – The research paper is most commonly created with Microsoft Word with 12-point Times New Roman font. The margins should be 1 inch on all sides, and the paper is to be double-spaced. Citation Rules – Citations are to be carefully formatted as well. You may use in-text citations and list the sources used at the end of the paper. The rules differ in accordance with the citation you need (block or in-line quotations, paraphrase citing, etc.). (not â€Å"References† or â€Å"Bibliography†) – Be sure to include the list of cited sources on a separate page at the end of the research paper. This page will contain all the periodical, non-periodical, web, or print publications used in the research process and should be listed in alphabetical order. Also, do not forget to include full details for every source (the authors name, the books title, number of pages, publication year, etc.). In the majority of cases, you will only need to master the rules of MLA research paper formatting once and then use them while composing your papers. Still, you are always free to order custom paper formatting. In this case, professional editors and writers will grant their services to you. Quick and accurate formatting is carried out for every research paper. Ordering custom formatting for your written assignment will save your time and effort you could spend on more pleasant activities.

Organisations and behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Organisations and behaviour - Assignment Example The paper tells that one of the earliest structures used in organisations is the functional method. In this type, the organisation is divided into sectors or departments; each department has a particular specialism or function. The advantage for this type of structure is that the organisation can achieve effectiveness and success in pursuing its goals with the different departments having their separate functions. These departments or sections can enhance their expertise, while the workers are specialists in their own field.Another important advantage is that there is no duplication of functions. For example, in a car manufacturing plant like that of Toyota, they have different field of specialisation for each department – one works for engine specialisation, another group works for the other components, while another section works on the assembly of the Toyota car. There are disadvantages to this type of structure. The departments can have a narrow specialisation that may hin der the workers’ knowledge of their organisation. Another disadvantage that must be quickly looked into is the possible existence of an inter-departmental rivalry. The key is for the organisation to determine if the rivalry can result into good intentions or attain success for the organisation. There can be slow lines of communication on this type of structure, but a modification can remedy the situation. Information Technology can provide the answer. Toyota Motors Structure: Functional and Geographic Approaches Toyota Motors with its many branches worldwide has carried the traditional method up to this day although there may be some modifications. This company brings up to this day a family tradition of car making and traditional business. It uses the functional structure in the sense that the company is divided into departments, each with its own function and specialty. But it also uses the geographical approach considering that it is now a large organisation. Toyota is our choice organisation because it is a successful international firm that provides independence to its subsidiaries abroad. Its operation uses the geographical based approach while each independent subsidiary has a functional structure. The subsidiaries attain some kind of autonomy but also reports to the main headquarters in Japan. The United States branch of Toyota is under an independent management that allows quick responses whenever local branches and shops need help to solve local problems. It also allows tailoring of operations depending on local culture, such as language, customs, and laws and regulations. (Toyota, 2011) Toyota has been on the forefront of car making because of an effective strategic and operational management coupled with an efficient and competitive workforce. Their strategies involve innovations in production, marketing, sales and promotions, and branding. But to top it all, it has been able to handle knowledge management like it is a part of ordinary business. These strategies are applied to every branch despite their individual independence. In the 1950s Toyota was only a small company, averaging 18,000 vehicles per year. As years passed on, management perfected the so-called Toyota Production System – this is the Japanese way, a means of achieving mass production efficiencies with small volumes. Toyota expanded to become export-oriented and began to open

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 14

Assignment - Essay Example This legitimate designation of ownership of property to an individual or firm is essential in that it aids in clearly defining the way that the said property is to be utilized. As such, this makes it easier to utilize a property such that its maximum potential can be realized. Additionally, the convenience that is gained from this legitimate designation is that the possibility for wrangles and constant disagreements over the said property are reduced, and this eventually improves societal cohesion and better mutual existence. Historically, property was basically a term used to define land ownership. This is due to the fact that land was, and still is, one of the most important human resources. However, with the dynamism of the contemporary society, the definition for property has continually evolved. There are numerous changes that cannot be ignored, and this calls for the adoption of various ways to define property in line with the need to adapt to the changes that define the contemporary society. Consequently, this is the perspective from which private property comes in, as it tries to consider the issue of property ownership in light of the dynamics that define the current society. As such, there are various definitions and perspectives from which the issue of property ownership can be viewed, with each perspective offering a completely different insight in light of the numerous facets of the society. In most cases, private property is all about property that is owned by individuals specifically for their own personal use. Under this consideration, the assumption is that private property is distinguishable from public property in that public property is owned by governmental agencies, and used for the broad benefit of the general society. This means that while public property is specifically for public use as allocated by the governmental authority in charge, private property is specifically for private use, with the legal

Health In New Zealand Health And Social Care Essay

Health In New Zealand Health And Social Care Essay Health is multi factorial and is the product of reciprocal interaction between individuals and their environment. Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system (World Health Organisation, 2008). As in most countries, health in New Zealand is also distributed unequally throughout the society. This reflects that there is an uneven allocation of social determinants of health such as income, education, occupation and access to health for certain groups compared with others. This essay will examine income as one of the social determinates of health and the effect of low economic status in Maori health. Further it will discuss how the nurses can care for Maori people with inequalities in health and the importance of the government strategy developed to address Maori health concerns. Finally this essay will analyse the psychological factors associated with smoking behaviours and its consequences. Income, employment, education, housing, culture and social cohesion are the distinct social determinants which directly or indirectly influence health outcome of an individual. The people who are more vulnerable to ill heath mostly come under low income category. Income inequalities increased evidently in New Zealand between 1987 and 1991 due to unemployment. The growth in income inequalities is especially seen in Maori population (Davis Dew, 2005). Income is one of the major determinants of health, which contribute to the poor health status of Maori. Indigenous Maori have the poorest health status among any other ethnic groups in New Zealand. The median annual income of Maori in 2006 was $20900 compared to $24400 of the total population in New Zealand (McMurray Clendon, 2010). According to the New Zealand statistics 2005, the average weekly income of Maori was $471 compared to $637 of non-Maori (Robson Harris, 2007). Income and wealth are the major modifiable determinants of heal th which affect the access to healthy environment, living condition, housing, education and timely effective health care. Level of home ownership, property ownership and income producing assets are lower among Maori than non-Maori population. In addition to these, lower equivalent income levels limit the availability of the Maori families to accumulate wealth out of current income (Dew Mathewson, 2008). Compared to non-Maori, inequalities in health status and mortality are higher and increasing among Maori, with increased incidence of conditions such as coronary heart disease and higher fatality rates (McMurray Clendon, 2010). The current economic situation of the Maori and non-Maori is profoundly linked to the history of colonization of New Zealand. Besides this, economic reforms also cause loss of income from changing nature of work arrangements for Maori (Broom, 2007). The income inequalities can be also explained in terms of lower educational qualification and under representa tion of Maori workers in high profile jobs. In New Zealand society Maori are the lowest salary earners and this leads to a low socio economic status (Robson Harris, 2007). Besides this, income level can affect mental health, caring for children and family. People belonging to low economic status always struggle to care their life and childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s health (Marmot Wilkinson, 2001). Being health professional, nurses have obligation to identify unfairness or inequalities in health. Nurses should work to address the underlying determinants of health and working towards to ensure equitable health and wellbeing of everyone in the society (McMurray Clendon, 2010). In order to deliver proper health care nurses have to be aware about the needs and rights of Maori (Broom, 2007). Principles of Treaty act as a model for nurses to work with Maori. Nurses should respect the cultural beliefs and deliver health services in a culturally acceptable manner (Francis et al., 2008). Nurses should work in a manner to improve the access to health, especially to those who lacks financial resources. Approaches like selecting a central location and convenient time for health services can improve access of health facilities by the low income groups. Nurses should identify vulnerable groups with low income such as unemployed, single mothers and parents with more dependent children. In or der to ensure unbiased health to low income group nurses have to educate them regarding the health facilities and their right to health irrespective of economic status. Increasing conventional services like employing of indigenous health workers and establishing indigenous programs is another nursing intervention for reorienting health service for Maori. (Mason Durie, 2003) For instance Maori can be cared better by employing more Maori nurses as they will have enhanced understanding. Improvements in Maori health status are critical, because Maori has the poorest health status among other New Zealanders. The New Zealand government identified the importance of prioritising the Maori health problems and the need to eradicate health inequalities which has a negative impact on Maori health. He Korowai Oranga is a health strategy set for Maori health development in the health and disability sector. This strategy acts as a basis for the health sector to deal with the health problems of Whanau. The focus of He Korowai Oranga is on Whanau or family wellbeing. The outcomes are mainly aimed at empowering Whanau with physical, social, mental and emotional health; enabling them to take control over their health, creating better quality of life and ensuring their active participation in New Zealand society (Francis et al., 2008). He Korowai Oranga stands on the principles such as partnership, participation and protection which are the core principles of Treaty of Waitangi. He Korowai Oranga tries to identify health inequalities among Maori people in terms of education, income, occupation and access to health health. This strategy aims at considering Maori approaches and models to health for improving Maori outcomes. Inequalities among health statuses of Maori are clearly documented in this. Nationwide population health priorities for Maoris are also enlisted in appendix 3 of this strategy. Besides this it also provide guidelines to district health board for effective assessment and monitoring of Maori health status. This strategy also has made provisions to improve Maori access to mainstream health services like public hospitals or primary health centres (Ministry of Health, 2002). Risk taking behaviours are those which affect the physical and mental health of individuals. Risk taking behaviours may include smoking, alcoholism, unsafe sexual habits, gambling and participating in dangerous activities. Tobacco is the major cause of preventable death in New Zealand. Smoking kills around 4300 to 4700 people per year, among this almost 600 are Maori (Maori Affairs Committee, 2010). Some people consider smoking as a method of channelizing their stress or escape mechanism from their stressful situation or frustrated family life. Some consider smoking as a way to get peer pleasure and to kick out their boredom (Marks, Murray, Evans Willig, 2001). Increased risk of smoking is usually seen in those who are divorced, separated or lone parents. 80-90% of smoking prevalence is seen among people who are under severe deprivation areas such as prisoners, homeless and poor (Marmot Wilkinson, 2001). Young people consider smoking as a way of developing their identity, method of relaxing tension and making peers. Parents and role models can greatly influence smoking behaviour of adolescents (McMurray Clendon, 2010). Media plays a great role in influencing people to smoke even though they advertise about the repercussions of smoking (Marks et al., 2001). The use of tobacco gives rise to many health hazards. Smoking contributes to the higher incidence of coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, reduced lung function, impaired lung growth in children and various cancers especially lung cancer. Smoking aggravates the symptoms of many other illnesses, for instance smoking can reduce fertility, increased cataract incidence, poor wound healing, and worsen peptic ulcer. Smoking during pregnancy can lead to birth complications, premature death, small gestational age and low birth weight. Passive smoking is another health risk associated with smoking. Non-smokers living with smokers have 30% increased chance of lung cancer (Maori A ffairs Committee, 2010). In brief social conditions are particularly important in determining health status of an individual. When a social environment is supportive, the person is more likely to be empowered in their health. There is a well-established evidence of relationship between income and Maori health status. Nurses can play an important role in reducing the inequalities in health. In addition to this smoking remains a major contributor to disparities in health status because this behaviour is strongly shaped by income deprivation, occupation and education.

A Levels

w w ap eP m e tr .X w *6364028069* 9701/05 CHEMISTRY Paper 5 Planning, analysis and evaluation October/November 2007 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. You are advised to show all working in calculations.Use of Data Booklet is unnecessary. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. For Examiner’s Use 1 2 Total This document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages. SPA (NF/CGW) T30933/8  © UCLES 2007 [Turn over om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL E XAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level 2 1 The hydroxides of Group I metals (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH) are highly corrosive white solids which rapidly absorb water vapour on exposure to the atmosphere.All of these solids dissolve exothermically in water. The enthalpy change of solution, ? Hsoln, is the energy change associated with the following reaction. M represents the Group I metal. M +(aq) + OH–(aq) M OH(s) + (aq) The following diagram represents theoretical stages in the formation of aqueous MOH. M +(g) + OH-(g) + (aq) lattice energy hydration enthalpy of the ions H hydration M OH(s) + (aq) H soln M +(aq) + OH-(aq) Lattice energy and hydration enthalpy are both more exothermic when ions carry a higher charge and/or ions have a smaller radius. When comparing Group I hydroxides, changes in ?Hhydration are more significant than changes in lattice energy. (a) By considering trends in the size and charge of the ions, pred ict the likely trend in ? Hsoln from LiOH to CsOH and sketch your prediction. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Hsoln LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH [2]  © UCLES 2007 9701/05/O/N/07 For Examiner’s Use 3 (b) The enthalpy change of solution, ? Hsoln, for any Group I hydroxide can be measured For Examiner’s Use experimentally in the laboratory. In experiments to compare ? Hsoln for LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH state the independent variable †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ , the dependent variable †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. the other variable to be controlled †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . [3] (c) Draw a labelled diagram to show the apparatus you would use to obtain data from which ? Hsoln could be determined. From the information given on page 2 and the apparatus you plan to use, identify two possible sources of error in the experiment and state how you would minimise the effect of each. rror 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ error 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [3] d) Identify a health and safety risk in the experiment and explain how you would minimise it when carrying out the experiment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [2]  © UCLES 2007 9701/05/O/N/07 Turn over 4 (e) Describe the procedure you would carry out to find the enthalpy change of solution, ? Hsoln, for one of the Group I hydroxides. Your plan should give a step-by-step description of the method, including †¢ how you would measure the independent variable, †¢ how you would measure the dependent variable, †¢ appropriate masses and volumes of reagents. The following data may be of use in planning the detail of your experiment. Ar: Li, 6. 9; Na, 23. 0; K, 39. 1; Rb, 85. 5; Cs, 133. 0, O, 16. 0; H, 1. 0 4. 3 J are required to raise the temperature of 1. cm3 of any solution by 1 °C. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ 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[4]  © UCLES 2007 9701/05/O/N/07 For Examiner’s Use For Examiner’s Use 5 (f) The procedure is repeated for each of the Group I hydroxides. Show how you would tabulate the results for all the experiments. [1] (g) Show how you would use the results of one experiment to calculate the enthalpy change of solution, ? Hsoln, for the reaction. [1] [Total: 16]  © UCLES 2007 9701/05/O/N/07 [Turn over 6 2Students were asked to investigate how the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid varied with change in concentration of the acid. 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Student 1, looking at the equation, suggested the following. rate of production of hydrogen gas = k[HCl ]2 This student used the following apparatus to investigate the rate of production of hydrogen gas, H2. gas syringe magnesium ribbon dilute hydrochloric acid The student used a 500 cm3 measuring cylinder to measure 100 cm3 of dilute acid into a conical flask. A 1 cm length (0. 1 g) of magnesium ribbon was dropped into the acid in the flask and the stopper quickly replaced in the flask. The stop-clock was started and the volume of gas collected was measured at 0. 5 minute intervals. The results of the experiment were recorded as shown in the table below. time / min time / min volume of H2 / cm3 0. 5 15. 5 5. 5 80. 0 1. 0 25. 0 6. 0 82. 5 1. 5 34. 0 6. 5 85. 0 2. 0 43. 0 7. 0 87. 0 2. 5 51. 0 7. 5 87. 5 3. 0 59. 0 8. 0 91. 0 3. 5 65. 0 8. 5 92. 5 4. 0 69. 5 9. 0 93. 5 4. 5 74. 0 9. 5 94. 5 5. 0  © UCLES 2007 volume of H2 / cm3 75. 0 10. 0 95. 0 9 701/05/O/N/07 ForExaminer’s Use For Examiner’s Use 7 (a) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen produced against time. [2] (b) Identify clearly on your graph any anomalous readings and suggest a reason for these anomalous readings. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [1] (c) On the graph you have plotted, construct a line from which you can calculate the initial rate of reaction.Calculate the initial rate of reaction and show your working. initial rate = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. cm3 min–1 [2]  © UCLES 2007 9701/05/O/N/07 [Turn over 8 (d) By considering the experimental method described, explain why the plotted line does not pass through 0,0. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1] (e) Identify a further source of error in the method describ ed and suggest a change to the method to reduce this error. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1] (f) Students 2-8 carried out similar experiments with different concentrations of acid. The initial rate of reaction was calculated for each of their experiments and is shown in the table below. Enter in the table the initial rate you have calculated for Student 1. student volume of acid used / cm3 volume of water used / cm3 mass of magnesium used /g initial rate relative concentration of acid / cm3 min–1 1 100 0 0. 01 2 45 55 0. 01 8. 0 3 90 10 0. 01 16. 4 4 60 40 0. 01 11. 5 5 100 100 0. 01 9. 3 6 35 65 0. 01 6. 8 7 80

Summary of Industrial Convergence, Globalization

Through the use of descriptive and comparative analysis, the authors intend on demonstrating that the convergence of the industrialization gap was not accompanied by a convergence in the income levels gap between former First World and Third World countries. Thus, the North-South divide still exists. Through economic models, the persistence of the North-South income divide is explained. Simultaneously, the authors discuss the development project and globalization project and how the shifts occurred. Additionally, the reproduction of the North-South divide is discussed. The paper is concluded with a highlight on the factors destabilizing the new illusio and the long-term future of the Northern-dominated hierarchy of wealth. The paper is separated into four subsections. In the first subsection titled World Income Inequality, Development and â€Å"Globalization†, the authors examine the theoretical framework of the paper. Firstly, the authors discuss income inequality between countries and highlight that debates on world income inequality do not completely address the persistence or non-persistence of the North-South divide issue. Thus, the paper addresses this. The authors state that in theory, the North-South divide could decline in significance even if extreme inter-country income inequality persisted. They further state that this would be the case if inter-country inequality was accompanied by switches within the distribution of income between former Third World countries and former First World countries. Furthermore, the authors suggest that unequal income distribution is characterized by less long-term upward/downward mobility of countries from Third world to First World and vice-versa. This can reflect a hierarchy of wealth. Previous research showed that this upward/downward shift was achieved by few countries. Additionally, the authors mention that there is a consensus in relevant literature that global hierarchy of wealth is a legacy of industrial and territorial expansion of Western nations. Due to this legacy, it is anticipated that decolonization and industrialization of Third World countries would reduce the North-South divide. The authors moreover, explain that theories of national development believed that industrialization was essential for Third World countries to attain wealth standards of the First World countries. This became the objective of the Third World development efforts and the narrowing of the industrialization gap was the instrument through which this would be achieved (Arrighi,G,. Silver,J,B,. and Brewer,D,B,. 2003. p. 6). This subsequently led to synonymous use of industrialization and development. To conclude this subsection, the authors provide reasons to why the paper focuses on industrialization and the North-South divide. Firstly, the reasons for focusing on industrialization are because the authors wish to verify empirically the validity of the theory (or assumption) that industrialization is the most effective means of achieving the development efforts objective. Further reasons include that industrialization has costs and benefits, but these quantifiable costs are visible and invisible. On the other hand, the focus on the North-South divide is aimed at assessing the success or failure of the Third World development efforts. In the next subsection, the authors use empirical analysis to investigate the impact of the change in the global political-economic environment on Third World developmental efforts. This is completed by comparing changes in industrialization and income over two periods (1960-1980 and 1980-1998/9) in a particular country. The main findings were that for pre-1980, the industrialization gap was narrowed. This was due to de-industrialization in the First World countries and not because of industrialization of the Third World countries. Conversely, the income gap was not narrowed. For post-1980, the new environment was unfavourable to the success of the efforts as the industrialization gap was narrowed but the income gap increasingly diverged between First and Third World and among Third World countries. The authors conclude the subsection by stating that the discrepancy between convergence in industrialization and the lack of income convergence between First World countries and Third World countries in both periods is a result of no positive correlation between industrial and income performance (Arrighi,G,. et al,. 2003. p. 15). To explain the recurring failure of industrialization in achieving the development efforts objective, economic development models were utilized in the third subsection of the paper. Firstly, according to Joseph Schumpeter’s creative destruction theory, major profit-oriented innovations are the main impulses that generate and sustain competitive pressures in a capitalist system. This theory further elucidates that the occurrence of innovations under capitalism â€Å"increasingly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, increasingly destroying the only one, increasingly creating a new one† (Arrighi,G,. t al,. 2003. p. 16). This results in immediate gains by wealthy countries but also intensifies competition and causes losses or moderate gains for poorer countries. Secondly, Raymond Vernon’s â€Å"Product life cycle† and Akamatsu’s â€Å"Flying geese† theories portray the diffusion of industrial innovations as a spatially structured process starting in wealthy countries and progressing to poorer countries. Both authors of the models emphasize that the innovation process tends to begin in wealthier nations. Higher rewards (spectacular prize) are therefore generated or won by the wealthier countries and poorer countries generate fewer or no rewards at all. The reason for this is that when poorer countries adopt â€Å"new† innovations they are subjected to intense competition and no longer yield high returns. In light of this, the First World countries gained Oligarchic wealth through industrialization. Oligarchic wealth is wealth attained by a few as attempts to attain it raises costs and reduces benefits. The authors further explain that due to unequal opportunities for economic advancement, a problem of adding up was created. This problem affected countries that wished to attain Oligarchic wealth and countries that wished to maintain it. In addition, the intense competition that resulted from generalized industrialization efforts prevented First World countries from attaining their wealth and undermined the industrial foundations of oligarchic wealth of First World countries. In the 1970’s, this was actualized as intense worldwide competition adversely affected the First World countries. Third World countries benefited in terms of industrialization and economic advancement as natural resources had higher prices and had access to large supply of credit and investment. A â€Å"fear of falling† was created among First World countries due to their de-industrialization. The U. S. adopted neo-utilitarian and state minimalist doctrines as a response to the U. S. hegemony crisis. According to Bourdieu, the response of the U. S. an be characterized as a stepping up of investments within the disintegrating Keynesian framework of state action and capital accumulation. By 1980, the U. S. specialized in global financial intermediation and speculation. This new innovation by the U. S. was a more profitable innovation as this market niche was not overcrowded like the industrialization market niche. This contributed to the rattling of the reoccurrence of the North-South divide as the restructuring led to large capital outflows in Third World countries, as proven by Mexico’s default in 1982. This further led to the division in the fortunes of Third World countries because when the U. S. ’s demand for cheap industrial products grew, East Asian countries had an advantage over Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America because they were able to provide these manufactured goods. Finally, the development project experienced a crisis during this restructuring. Third World countries had not experienced any benefits from this development effort as promised. Third World countries reluctantly joined the new illusio or globalization project which was propagated by the Washington Consensus which called for open markets and intense competition. In the final subsection titled Limits and Contradictions of the Neoliberal Counter Revolution, the authors seek to explain how stable the new illusio is expected to be and if there are signs of future subversion of the Northern-dominated global hierarchy of wealth in present trends. The authors state that the new illusio is a global system characterized by unstable mix of large and persistent inequalities (Arrighi,G,. t al. 2003). Furthermore, sources likely to destabilize the global project are presented. This includes the restoration of the US hegemony and Western wealth and non-compliance of Third World countries in opening up their economies fully. Finally, the authors explain that the demand for a New International Economic Order will have impact on the re-emergence of East Asia as a dynamic region of global economy and emphasize that the present and future of the global hierarchy of wealth may be China’s expansion.